Chapter 13 - 15 Study Guide (copy)
1. Structure and Function of Protection Around the Brain and Spinal Cord
- Cranial Protection:
- _______________________: Protects the brain from physical damage.
- ______________________________________________: Three layers of connective tissue that protect the brain and spinal cord.
- ______________________________________________: Outermost, tough layer providing structural support.
- Arachnoid Mater: _______________________layer with ______________________________________________, contains the _____________________________________________________________________ where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates.
- ______________________________________________: Innermost layer that closely adheres to the brain and spinal cord surface.
- Spinal Cord Protection:
- ______________________________________________: Bony structure encasing the spinal cord.
- Epidural Space: Space between _______________________and ______________________________________________ contains _______________________and ______________________________________________for cushioning.
2. CSF Circulation
- CSF flows through the following:
1.______________________________________________ → _____________________________________________________________________ → ______________________________________________ → _____________________________________________________________________ →______________________________________________ → _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ and ______________________________________________ around the brain and spinal cord → Absorbed into the bloodstream via______________________________________________ in the superior sagittal sinus.
3. Regions and Structures of Meninges, Brain, Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerve Plexuses, and Certain Spinal Nerves
- Meninges: ____________________________________________________________________________________________.
- Brain Regions:
- ______________________________________________: Hemispheres, lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal).
- Cerebellum: Coordinates _______________________and _______________________.
- Brainstem: ______________________________________________, _______________________, ______________________________________________—controls vital functions.
- Spinal Cord: ______________________, _______________________, _______________________, _______________________regions.
- Spinal Nerve Plexuses:
- _______________________Plexus (C1-C4): Controls the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve.
- _______________________Plexus (C5-T1): Innervates the arms.
- _______________________Plexus (L1-L4): Innervates the lower abdomen and legs.
- _______________________Plexus (L4-S4): Includes the _______________________nerve, which innervates the legs.
4. Principal Functions of Meninges, Brain, and Spinal Cord
- Meninges: Protect the _______________________, anchor it to the skull and vertebral column, and allow for _______________________circulation.
- Brain: Controls _______________________functions, _______________________activities, and ______________________________________________.
- Spinal Cord: Transmits _______________________between the _______________________and _______________________, coordinates _______________________.
5. Differentiate Between Pyramidal and Purkinje Cells
- _______________________Cells: Found in the cerebral cortex, large triangular shape, responsible for motor control.
- _______________________Cells: Located in the cerebellum, have extensive dendrites, involved in coordinating fine motor movements.
6. Limbic System and Reticular Formation
- Limbic System: Includes the ____________________________________________________________________________________________________; involved in emotion, memory, and motivation.
- Reticular Formation: A network in the brainstem that regulates _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Blood-Brain Barrier
- Structure: A selective barrier formed by ______________________________________________cells of capillaries in the brain, connected by ______________________________________________.
- Function: Protects the brain from ______________________________________________substances in the blood while allowing _______________________like _______________________to pass through.
8. Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerve Plexuses, and Selected Spinal Nerves
- Cranial Nerves:
1. ______________________________________________(I) - Smell.
2. ______________________________________________(II) - Vision.
3. ______________________________________________(III) - Eye movement.
4. ______________________________________________(IV) - Eye movement.
5. ______________________________________________(V) - Sensation from the face; chewing.
6. ______________________________________________(VI) - Eye movement.
7. ______________________________________________(VII) - Facial expression, taste.
8. ______________________________________________(VIII) - Hearing, balance.
9. ______________________________________________(IX) - Taste, swallowing.
10. ______________________________________________(X) - Heart, lungs, digestion.
11. ______________________________________________(XI) - Head movement.
12. ______________________________________________(XII) - Tongue movement.
9. Functional Areas of the Brain
- _______________________Lobe: Motor function, problem-solving, memory.
- _______________________Lobe: Sensory processing.
- _______________________Lobe: Vision.
- _______________________Lobe: Hearing, memory.
- ______________________________________________: Balance, coordination.
- _______________________Area: Speech production.
- ______________________________________________Area: Language comprehension.
10. Autonomic vs. Somatic Nervous System
-_____________________________________________________________________: Involuntary control, regulates heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate. Subdivided into:
- Sympathetic: "______________________________________________" responses.
- Parasympathetic: "______________________________________________" functions.
- _____________________________________________________________________: Voluntary control of skeletal muscles.
11. Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Located _______________________the spinal column, part of the ______________________________________________division of the ANS, involved in distributing ____________________________________________________________________________________________to various organs.
12. Classification of Sensory Receptors
- By Location:
- ______________________________________________: Detect external stimuli (e.g., skin).
- ______________________________________________: Detect internal body stimuli (e.g., organs).
- ______________________________________________: Detect position and movement (e.g., muscles, joints).
- By Stimulus Detected:
- ______________________________________________: Respond to touch, pressure, vibration.
- ______________________________________________: Detect temperature changes.
- ______________________________________________: Sense pain.
- ______________________________________________: Respond to light (eyes).
- ______________________________________________: Detect chemicals (taste, smell).
- By Structure:
- _____________________________________________________________________: Detect pain and temperature.
- _____________________________________________________________________: Detect pressure and vibration.