Access to European firearms

Portuguese Relations: Initial interest of Obas in Portuguese firearms was linked to military collaboration and assistance requests.

Incident with Esgiie: Orders to seize Portuguese cannons in 1513 or 1514 led to disputes over authority and religious beliefs.

Firearm Development: By the 17th and 18th centuries, European firearms, particularly various hand-guns (matchlock, wheel-lock, flintlock), reached Benin.

• Technological Advancements: Firearm technology evolved significantly with flintlock mechanisms enhancing effectiveness.

Gunpowder in Warfare: The introduction of firearms was crucial in combat dynamics, seen as advantageous in warfare contexts.

Restrictions on Firearms: The Oba limited access to firearms to specific military leaders, notably impacting the outcomes of battles.

Military Expansion: The power of the Benin army was often attributed to their access to firearms, shaping regional dominance.

Royal Monopoly: Between 1600 and 1800, firearms were less commonly used for hunting, emphasizing royal control over military resources and skill in handling weapons.