Comprehensive HESI A2 Practice Test Study Guide and Rationales

Mathematics Section

  • Problem 1: Evaluate the expression to the nearest hundredth: 0.62×0.340.62 \times 0.34

    • Options: A. 0.130.13, B. 0.180.18, C. 0.190.19, D. 0.210.21

    • Answer: D. 0.210.21

    • Rationale: Evaluating the expression determines the solution to be 0.21080.2108, which may be rounded to 0.210.21. (See Lesson: Basic Multiplication and Division).

  • Problem 2: Write 0.1140.114 as a percent.

    • Options: A. 0.1%0.1\%, B. 1.1%1.1\%, C. 11.1%11.1\%, D. 111.1%111.1\%

    • Answer: C. 11.1%11.1\%

    • Rationale: The correct answer is 11.4%11.4\% (Note: The option C is provided as 11.1%11.1\% in the question but rationale states 11.4%11.4\%) because 0.1140.114 as a percent is 0.114×100=11.4%0.114 \times 100 = 11.4\%. (See Lesson: Decimals and Fractions).

  • Problem 3: 34+124\frac{3}{4} + \frac{1}{24}

    • Options: A. 14\frac{1}{4}, B. 58\frac{5}{8}, C. 11121 \frac{1}{12}, D. 113241 \frac{13}{24}

    • Answer: D. 113241 \frac{13}{24}

    • Rationale: The rationale provided contains a typo regarding the initial fractions (stating 14+56\frac{1}{4} + \frac{5}{6}), but identifies the solution related to the denominator 2424. (See Lesson: Addition and Subtraction of Fractions).

  • Problem 4: Which percent is closest to the ratio 7:37:3?

    • Options: A. 23%23\%, B. 43%43\%, C. 73%73\%, D. 233%233\%

    • Answer: D. 233%233\%

    • Rationale: To convert a ratio to a percent, divide the numbers (73\frac{7}{3}) to get approximately 2.332.33. Then, multiply by 100%100\%. (See Lesson: Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages).

  • Problem 5: Kendra spends $175\$175 a month for basic needs. She is paid twice a month and receives $525\$525 a paycheck. How much of her monthly income should she set aside for basic needs?

    • Options: A. 16\frac{1}{6}, B. 12\frac{1}{2}, C. 13\frac{1}{3}, D. 14\frac{1}{4}

    • Answer: A. 16\frac{1}{6}

    • Rationale: Kendra earns $1,050\$1,050 a month (\525 \times 2 = \1,0501,050). Since she spends $175\$175 on basic needs, the fraction is 1751050=16\frac{175}{1050} = \frac{1}{6}. (See Lesson: Decimals and Fractions).

  • Problem 6: Solve for xx in the value 11:12::x:9611:12 :: x:96.

    • Options: A. 9292, B. 8888, C. 7474, D. 8181

    • Answer: B. 8888

    • Rationale: The expression can be rewritten as 1112=x96\frac{11}{12} = \frac{x}{96}. Using cross multiplication: (11×96)÷12=88(11 \times 96) \div 12 = 88. (See Lesson: Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages).

  • Problem 7: The number 3636 is what percent of 1616?

    • Options: A. 31%31\%, B. 44%44\%, C. 69%69\%, D. 225%225\%

    • Answer: D. 225%225\%

    • Rationale: The fraction 3616\frac{36}{16} is equal to 2.252.25, which is 225%225\%. (See Lesson: Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages).

  • Problem 8: Solve for xx: 5x+9=545x + 9 = 54

    • Options: A. 99, B. 1212, C. 1313, D. 77

    • Answer: A. 99

    • Rationale: Subtract 99 from both sides (5x=455x = 45), then divide both sides by 55 (x=9x = 9). (See Lesson: Equations with One Variable).

  • Problem 9: Convert 16,00016,000 ounces to tons.

    • Options: A. 0.5 ton0.5\,\text{ton}, B. 1 ton1\,\text{ton}, C. 1.5 tons1.5\,\text{tons}, D. 2 tons2\,\text{tons}

    • Answer: A. 0.5 ton0.5\,\text{ton}

    • Rationale: 16,000 oz×1 lb16 oz×1 T2,000 lb=16,00032,000=0.5 T16,000\,\text{oz} \times \frac{1\,\text{lb}}{16\,\text{oz}} \times \frac{1\,\text{T}}{2,000\,\text{lb}} = \frac{16,000}{32,000} = 0.5\,\text{T}. (See Lesson: Standards of Measure).

  • Problem 10: Evaluate the expression: 2+(6×7)÷6−52 + (6 \times 7) \div 6 - 5

    • Options: A. 4444, B. 44, C. 88, D. 3636

    • Answer: B. 44

    • Rationale: Use PEMDAS order of operations: 6×7=426 \times 7 = 42, then 42÷6=742 \div 6 = 7, then 2+7−5=42 + 7 - 5 = 4. (See Lesson: Basic Multiplication and Division).

  • Problem 11: Write as a percent: 420\frac{4}{20}

    • Options: A. 15%15\%, B. 20%20\%, C. 25%25\%, D. 30%30\%

    • Answer: B. 20%20\%

    • Rationale: 420\frac{4}{20} as a percent is 0.2×100=20%0.2 \times 100 = 20\%. (See Lesson: Decimals and Fractions).

  • Problem 12: Identify 2:56 p.m.2:56\,\text{p.m.} in military time.

    • Options: A. 02560256, B. 12561256, C. 14561456, D. 22562256

    • Answer: C. 14561456

    • Rationale: 2:00 p.m.2:00\,\text{p.m.} converts to 14001400 hours, and 5656 minutes past the hour results in 14561456. (See Lesson: Standards of Measure).

  • Problem 13: What temperature is 75∘F75^{\circ}\text{F} on the Celsius scale?

    • Options: A. 60∘C60^{\circ}\text{C}, B. 77∘C77^{\circ}\text{C}, C. 41∘C41^{\circ}\text{C}, D. 24∘C24^{\circ}\text{C}

    • Answer: D. 24∘C24^{\circ}\text{C}

    • Rationale: Using the formula (∘F−32)×59=∘C(^{\circ}\text{F} - 32) \times \frac{5}{9} = ^{\circ}\text{C}. (75−32)×59=23.88≈24∘C(75 - 32) \times \frac{5}{9} = 23.88 \approx 24^{\circ}\text{C}. (See Lesson: Standards of Measure).

  • Problem 14: 112+11 \frac{1}{2} + 1

    • Options: A. 3133 \frac{1}{3}, B. 2122 \frac{1}{2}, C. 1131 \frac{1}{3}, D. 1121 \frac{1}{2}

    • Answer: B. 2122 \frac{1}{2}

    • Rationale: 112+1=2121 \frac{1}{2} + 1 = 2 \frac{1}{2}. (See Lesson: Addition and Subtraction of Fractions).

  • Problem 15: Change 713207 \frac{13}{20} to a decimal.

    • Options: A. 7.557.55, B. 7.67.6, C. 7.657.65, D. 7.77.7

    • Answer: C. 7.657.65

    • Rationale: 1320=13.00÷20=0.65\frac{13}{20} = 13.00 \div 20 = 0.65. Adding this to 77 results in 7.657.65. (See Lesson: Decimals and Fractions).

  • Problem 16: 214×1132 \frac{1}{4} \times 1 \frac{1}{3}

    • Options: A. 11, B. 22, C. 33, D. 44

    • Answer: C. 33

    • Rationale: Convert to improper fractions: 94×43=3612=3\frac{9}{4} \times \frac{4}{3} = \frac{36}{12} = 3. (See Lesson: Multiplication and Division of Fractions).

  • Problem 17: If x=6x = 6 and y=−2y = -2, solve 3xy+2y3xy + 2y.

    • Options: A. −32-32, B. 3636, C. 3232, D. −40-40

    • Answer: D. −40-40

    • Rationale: 3(6×−2)+2(−2)=(3×−12)+(−4)=−36−4=−403(6 \times -2) + 2(-2) = (3 \times -12) + (-4) = -36 - 4 = -40. (See Lesson: Equations with One Variable).

  • Problem 18: Convert 4 tons4\,\text{tons} to pounds.

    • Options: A. 2,000 lbs2,000\,\text{lbs}, B. 4,000 lbs4,000\,\text{lbs}, C. 8,000 lbs8,000\,\text{lbs}, D. 10,000 lbs10,000\,\text{lbs}

    • Answer: C. 8,000 pounds8,000\,\text{pounds}

    • Rationale: 4 T×2,000 lb1 T=8,000 lb4\,\text{T} \times \frac{2,000\,\text{lb}}{1\,\text{T}} = 8,000\,\text{lb}. (See Lesson: Standards of Measure).

  • Problem 19: Convert a 2 gram2\,\text{gram} medical dose to milligrams.

    • Options: A. 200 mg200\,\text{mg}, B. 0.2 mg0.2\,\text{mg}, C. 2000 mg2000\,\text{mg}, D. 20 mg20\,\text{mg}

    • Answer: C. 2000 mg2000\,\text{mg}

    • Rationale: One gram equals 1000 mg1000\,\text{mg}, so 2 grams=2000 mg2\,\text{grams} = 2000\,\text{mg}. (See Lesson: Solving Real World Mathematical Problems).

  • Problem 20: Evaluate the expression: (5×6)÷10+32−2(5 \times 6) \div 10 + 3^2 - 2

    • Options: A. 77, B. 22, C. 1010, D. 1313

    • Answer: C. 1010

    • Rationale: Solve parentheses first (3030), then exponent (99). Expression: 30÷10+9−2=3+9−2=1030 \div 10 + 9 - 2 = 3 + 9 - 2 = 10. (See Lesson: Basic Multiplication and Division).

  • Problem 21: Solve for xx: 14+8x=7014 + 8x = 70

    • Options: A. 1111, B. 44, C. 77, D. 99

    • Answer: C. 77

    • Rationale: Subtract 1414 (8x=568x = 56). Divide by 88 (x=7x = 7). (See Lesson: Equations with One Variable).

  • Problem 22: Justin works 3434 hours at one job and 2222 hours at another. What portion of a 77-day week is spent at work?

    • Options: A. 12\frac{1}{2}, B. 13\frac{1}{3}, C. 14\frac{1}{4}, D. 15\frac{1}{5}

    • Answer: B. 13\frac{1}{3}

    • Rationale: Total work hours = 5656. Total hours in a week = 24×7=16824 \times 7 = 168. Fraction 56168=13\frac{56}{168} = \frac{1}{3}. (See Lesson: Decimals and Fractions).

  • Problem 23: Solve for xx: 4:5::12:x4:5 :: 12:x

    • Options: A. 1515, B. 44, C. 3737, D. 66

    • Answer: A. 1515

    • Rationale: Rewrite as 45=12x\frac{4}{5} = \frac{12}{x}. Cross multiply: (5×12)÷4=15(5 \times 12) \div 4 = 15. (See Lesson: Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages).

  • Problem 24: Evaluate −m(m+n)-m(m + n) when m=5m = 5 and n=−3n = -3.

    • Options: A. 1010, B. 2828, C. −28-28, D. −10-10

    • Answer: D. −10-10

    • Rationale: −5(5+−3)=−5(2)=−10-5(5 + -3) = -5(2) = -10. (See Lesson: Equations with One Variable).

  • Problem 25: The number 6060 is 15%15\% of what value?

    • Options: A. 900900, B. 700700, C. 500500, D. 400400

    • Answer: D. 400400

    • Rationale: 60÷0.15=40060 \div 0.15 = 400. (See Lesson: Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages).

  • Problem 26: Convert 8 liters8\,\text{liters} to quarts.

    • Options: A. 6.94 quarts6.94\,\text{quarts}, B. 7.55 quarts7.55\,\text{quarts}, C. 8.48 quarts8.48\,\text{quarts}, D. 9.06 quarts9.06\,\text{quarts}

    • Answer: C. 8.48 quarts8.48\,\text{quarts}

    • Rationale: 8 L×1.06 qt1 L=8.48 qt8\,\text{L} \times \frac{1.06\,\text{qt}}{1\,\text{L}} = 8.48\,\text{qt}. (See Lesson: Standards of Measure).

  • Problem 27: What is 30%30\% of 120120?

    • Options: A. 3030, B. 3636, C. 3434, D. 3232

    • Answer: B. 3636

    • Rationale: 0.3×120=360.3 \times 120 = 36. (See Lesson: Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages).

  • Problem 28: A builder has 88 boxes of 400400 screws each. He needs 640640 screws. What portion of total screws will he use?

    • Options: A. 15\frac{1}{5}, B. 13\frac{1}{3}, C. 211\frac{2}{11}, D. 111\frac{1}{11}

    • Answer: A. 15\frac{1}{5}

    • Rationale: Total screws = 32003200. Fraction 6403200=0.2=15\frac{640}{3200} = 0.2 = \frac{1}{5}. (See Lesson: Decimals and Fractions).

  • Problem 29: Identify 8:45:30 p.m.8:45:30\,\text{p.m.} in military time.

    • Options: A. 0845:300845:30, B. 1445:301445:30, C. 1845:301845:30, D. 2045:302045:30

    • Answer: D. 2045:302045:30

    • Rationale: 8:00 p.m.8:00\,\text{p.m.} is 20002000 hours. Adding 4545 minutes and 3030 seconds gives 2045:302045:30. (See Lesson: Standards of Measure).

  • Problem 30: 213×122 \frac{1}{3} \times \frac{1}{2}   (Note: The transcript on page 4 shows Problem 30 as 223×122 \frac{2}{3} \times \frac{1}{2}, but rationale on page 27 explains it as 2122 \frac{1}{2}. Check rationale logic)

    • Rationale Strategy: 223÷232 \frac{2}{3} \div \frac{2}{3} is referenced as 16÷2…16 \div 2 \dots resulted in 2232 \frac{2}{3}. The text provided in rationale 30 suggests using the denominator 1515. (See Lesson: Addition and Subtraction of Fractions).

  • Problem 31: If 11 out of every 250250 people contract a disease, what percent is that?

    • Options: A. 0.004%0.004\%, B. 0.4%0.4\%, C. 2.5%2.5\%, D. 25%25\%

    • Answer: B. 0.4%0.4\%

    • Rationale: 1250=0.004\frac{1}{250} = 0.004. Multiply by 100%100\% to get 0.4%0.4\%. (See Lesson: Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages).

  • Problem 32: Evaluate 3−4+23(22−1)3 - 4 + 2^3 (2^2 - 1).

    • Options: A. 2121, B. −27-27, C. −22-22, D. 2323

    • Answer: D. 2323

    • Rationale: Paranthesis: (4−1)=3(4 - 1) = 3. Exponent: 23=82^3 = 8. Expression: 3−4+8×3=3−4+24=233 - 4 + 8 \times 3 = 3 - 4 + 24 = 23. (See Lesson: Basic Multiplication and Division).

  • Problem 33: A pharmacist needs 10 grams10\,\text{grams} of medicine in 100 mg100\,\text{mg} pills. How many pills are needed?

    • Options: A. 1,0001,000, B. 100100, C. 1010, D. 11

    • Answer: B. 100100

    • Rationale: 10 grams=10,000 mg10\,\text{grams} = 10,000\,\text{mg}. 10,000 mg÷100 mg/pill=100 pills10,000\,\text{mg} \div 100\,\text{mg/pill} = 100\,\text{pills}. (See Lesson: Solving Real World Mathematical Problems).

  • Problem 34: Solve for xx: 6:7::36:x6:7 :: 36:x

    • Options: A. 6868, B. 6464, C. 7272, D. 4242

    • Answer: D. 4242

    • Rationale: 67=36x\frac{6}{7} = \frac{36}{x}. (7×36)÷6=42(7 \times 36) \div 6 = 42. (See Lesson: Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages).

  • Problem 35: A nurse earns $21\$21/hr and 114%114\% for overtime. She works 4040 regular hours and 1212 overtime hours. What is her paycheck?

    • Options: A. $1,092.00\$1,092.00, B. $840.00\$840.00, C. $287.28\$287.28, D. $1,127.28\$1,127.28

    • Answer: D. $1,127.28\$1,127.28

    • Rationale: Regular pay: 40×$21=$84040 \times \$21 = \$840. Overtime rate: \21 \times 1.14 = \23.9423.94. Overtime pay: 12×$23.94=$287.2812 \times \$23.94 = \$287.28. Total: $840+$287.28=$1,127.28\$840 + \$287.28 = \$1,127.28. (See Lesson: Decimals and Fractions).

  • Problem 36: 2110÷3122 \frac{1}{10} \div 3 \frac{1}{2}

    • Answer Logic: 2110÷72=2110×27=4270=35\frac{21}{10} \div \frac{7}{2} = \frac{21}{10} \times \frac{2}{7} = \frac{42}{70} = \frac{3}{5}. (Note: Choice D reflects the value 35\frac{3}{5} in the logic). (See Lesson: Multiplication and Division of Fractions).

  • Problem 37: What is 4545 out of 125125 as a percent?

    • Options: A. 36%36\%, B. 28%28\%, C. 45%45\%, D. 42%42\%

    • Answer: A. 36%36\%

    • Rationale: 45125=0.36=36%\frac{45}{125} = 0.36 = 36\%. (See Lesson: Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages).

  • Problem 38: Evaluate 0.42×0.130.42 \times 0.13.

    • Options: A. 0.05460.0546, B. 0.5660.566, C. 0.05400.0540, D. 0.6040.604

    • Answer: A. 0.05460.0546

    • Rationale: Multiplication yields 0.05460.0546. (See Lesson: Basic Multiplication and Division).

  • Problem 39: What is the product of 8:158:15 and 25%25\%?

    • Answer Logic: Ratios act as fractions, so 815×14=215\frac{8}{15} \times \frac{1}{4} = \frac{2}{15}. (See Lesson: Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages).

  • Problem 40: Solve 25−4x=525 - 4x = 5.

    • Options: A. −1-1, B. 55, C. 11, D. −5-5

    • Answer: B. 55

    • Rationale: −4x=−20  ⟹  x=5-4x = -20 \implies x = 5. (See Lesson: Equations with One Variable).

  • Problem 41: Convert 14 centimeters14\,\text{centimeters} to inches.

    • Options: A. 5.51 inches5.51\,\text{inches}, B. 11.46 inches11.46\,\text{inches}, C. 16.54 inches16.54\,\text{inches}, D. 35.56 inches35.56\,\text{inches}

    • Answer: A. 5.51 inches5.51\,\text{inches}

    • Rationale: 14 cm×1 in2.54 cm=5.51 in14\,\text{cm} \times \frac{1\,\text{in}}{2.54\,\text{cm}} = 5.51\,\text{in}. (See Lesson: Standards of Measure).

  • Problem 42: 112×2131 \frac{1}{2} \times 2 \frac{1}{3}

    • Answer Logic: 32×73=216=312\frac{3}{2} \times \frac{7}{3} = \frac{21}{6} = 3 \frac{1}{2}. Option D provides this result. (See Lesson: Multiplication and Division of Fractions).

  • Problem 43: What is 85%85\% of 120120?

    • Options: A. 100100, B. 101101, C. 102102, D. 103103

    • Answer: C. 102102

    • Rationale: 0.85×120=1020.85 \times 120 = 102. (See Lesson: Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages).

  • Problem 44: 12∘C12^{\circ}\text{C} in Fahrenheit.

    • Answer Logic: 12∘C×95=21.612^{\circ}\text{C} \times \frac{9}{5} = 21.6. 21.6+32=53.6∘F21.6 + 32 = 53.6^{\circ}\text{F}, rounded to 54∘F54^{\circ}\text{F}. Choice B. (See Lesson: Standards of Measure).

  • Problem 45: Evaluate 5.5÷0.255.5 \div 0.25.

    • Answer Logic: Result is 2222. Choice B. (See Lesson: Basic Multiplication and Division).

  • Problem 48: A nurse administers 0.5 grams0.5\,\text{grams} medicine/hour until total 2500 mg2500\,\text{mg}. How many doses?

    • Answer Logic: 0.5 grams=500 mg0.5\,\text{grams} = 500\,\text{mg}. 2500÷500=52500 \div 500 = 5. Choice D. (See Lesson: Solving Real World Mathematical Problems).

  • Problem 49: What is 0345:200345:20 in 1212-hour time?

    • Answer Logic: 3:45:20 a.m.3:45:20\,\text{a.m.} Choice A. (See Lesson: Standards of Measure).

  • Problem 50: Evaluate 4a+2b4a + 2b when a=3a = 3 and b=5b = 5.

    • Answer Logic: 4(3)+2(5)=12+10=224(3) + 2(5) = 12 + 10 = 22. Choice A. (See Lesson: Equations with One Variable).

Reading Comprehension Section

Passages and Topics

  • Passage: WiseWear Advertisement

    • "WiseWear gear provides you with cutting-edge technology to enhance your performance and optimize your training… WiseWear clothing is made with high-tech synthetic compression fabrics to promote circulation and wick away sweat… Top-level pro athletes, like ultra-marathoner Uri Schmidt, rely on WiseWear."

    • Purpose: Persuade (advertisement).

    • Strategy: Associates products with admired athletes (Uri Schmidt) to appeal to emotions.

    • Fact vs. Opinion: Sensors tracking signals is a factual claim; "most comfortable" is subjective/opinion.

  • Passage: Global Temperature Change

    • "A global temperature change of a few degrees is more significant than it may seem… relatively small changes… have historically caused enormous changes in climate. In the last ice age 20,000 years ago… mean global temperatures were only about five degrees Celsius lower than they are now."

    • Topic: Global temperature change.

    • Topic Sentence: The first sentence (Global temperature change is significant).

    • Supporting Detail: Information about the last ice age temperature differences.

  • Passage: Prison Nurseries

    • "The idea of raising children in prison is controversial, but well-run prison nursery programs can actually be beneficial… Women who were allowed to remain with their infants during prison sentences were less likely to be convicted of another crime…"

    • Primary Argument: Letting imprisoned mothers keep their babies can be helpful.

    • Fact vs. Opinion: "Mothers… reported better mental health" is a fact because it reports verifiable information about how they stated they felt.

    • Faulty Reasoning: Suggesting a cause-and-effect relationship between nursery programs and lower recidivism without proving it explicitly.

  • Passage: Dr. Hussein and Liz Goode (Embryonic Research)

    • Dr. Kingston Hussein (Dampson Crockett Institute) advocates for reflection and dialogue on ethical ramifications. Liz Goode (The Center for Ethical and Dignified Humanity) opposes research, describing researchers as wanting to "get rich selling designer babies."

    • Tone: Dr. Hussein is earnest; Liz Goode is harsh/scathing; the author is objective.

    • Transition: "On the contrary" is used to juxtapose dissimilar ideas regarding Dr. Hussein's requested contact with Goode.

Key Concepts & Definitions

  • Argument: In reading and writing, it is a persuasive point in a text, not an angry conversation.

  • Primary Source: Written by people who witnessed the original discovery/creation (e.g., field notes, conference presentations). Encyclopedia entries are not primary sources.

  • Credible: Information readers can trust; determined by impartiality and recent/reputable publication.

  • Tone: The author's attitude toward the subject.

  • Mood: The reader's emotional response.

  • Transition Words:

    • Contrast: "Despite", "On the contrary".

    • Addition: "Furthermore".

    • Example: "For instance".

Graphic Elements Knowledge

  • Pie Charts: Show percentage portions of a whole (e.g., 70%70\% male vs 30%30\% female speaking time).

  • Bar Graphs: Show relationships between numbers (e.g., comparing number of interruptions between genders).

  • Flowcharts: Illustrate a sequence or decision-making process (e.g., "I'm Hungry" chart starting with "Look in the kitchen").

Vocabulary and General Knowledge Section

Medical and Domain-Specific Terminology

  • Pericardium: Prefix peri−peri- (around) + cardiumcardium (heart) = Membrane around the heart.

  • Rhinoplasty: Root rhinorhino (nose) + plastyplasty (surgical repair).

  • Encephalitis: Inflammation (−itis-itis) of the brain (encephalencephal).

  • Hypodermic: Prefix hypo−hypo- (under) + root dermicdermic (skin) = Under the skin.

  • Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar.

  • Nephralgia: Kidney (nephrnephr) + pain (algiaalgia).

  • Phleb: Root meaning veins.

  • Enter: Root meaning small intestines.

  • Intravenous: Inside the vein.

  • Oste: Root word for bones.

Word Meanings and Context Clues

  • Superlative: Magnificent; prefix super−super- means over/above.

  • Intransigent: Stubborn; prefix in−in- (not) + transtrans (across) = unwilling to cross/bend.

  • Infamous: Notorious; well-known for something bad.

  • Novice: Beginner.

  • Garish: Glaring; showy.

  • Benevolent: Kind (benebene = good).

  • Somnambulist: Sleepwalker.

  • Exuberant: Cheerful.

  • Fluctuate: Change.

  • Cantankerous: Irritable.

Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

  • -stasis: To stop or control.

  • -sclerosis: Hardening of.

  • -oma: Swelling or tumor.

  • -logy: The study of.

  • -ist: Person who practices.

  • -ian: Belonging to.

  • -ible: Capable of.

  • -en: Made of.

  • mono-: One.

  • poly-: Many.

  • post-: After.

  • tele-: Far.

  • ped-: Foot.

  • dict-: To say.

  • rupt-: To break.

  • ject-: To throw.

  • therm-: Heat.

Anatomy & Physiology Section

General Principles

  • Directional Terms: The knee is proximal to the foot (closer to the point of attachment to the trunk).

  • Feedback Mechanisms: Maintenance of normal blood sugar and blood pressure are negative-feedback mechanisms.

  • Homeostasis: The body's maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG): Purpose is to display the heart's rate and rhythm.

    • QRS Complex: Associated with ventricle systole (ventricular contraction).

    • P Wave: Atrial depolarization.

    • T Wave: Ventricular repolarization.

  • Blood Flow: Oxygen-rich blood leaves the left side of the heart to enter systemic circulation.

Gastrointestinal System

  • Peptidase: An enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine to complete protein digestion (breaks peptides into amino acids).

  • Rugae: The lining of the stomach covered in folds that increase surface area of the stomach interior.

Reproductive and Urinary Systems

  • Reproductive Anatomy:

    • Semen: Primarily formed in the male accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, Cowper glands).

    • Vulva: External female components (clitoris, labia majora, vaginal opening). The cervix is internal.

  • Urination:

    • Kidneys: Roughly 180 liters180\,\text{liters} of blood flow through the kidneys daily.

    • Glomerular Filtrate: Increases the concentration of urine in the collecting ducts; first step where water and solutes are reabsorbed.

Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems

  • Skeletal: Bones act as a mineral reservoir for calcium (9%9\%*) and phosphorus (8%8\%*). The vertebral column protects the spinal cord.   (Note: Rationale references specific percentages 9%9\% and 8%8\% in transcript).

  • Muscular:

    • Actin: Thin filament that attaches to the Z-line.

    • Sliding Filament Process: Driven by ATP to reenergize myosin heads.

    • Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: Houses calcium ions; decreased calcium here leads to poor contractility.

  • Integumentary:

    • Sebaceous Glands: Pores/openings in the stratum corneum (outermost layer).

    • Basal Cell Carcinoma: Affects the stratum basale (innermost epidermal layer), where cells reproduce and invade the dermis.

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

  • Nervous:

    • Sensory Nerves: Responsible for initially perceiving information like smell from the environment.

    • Neurotransmitters: Substances that bind to receptors on postsynaptic membranes to stimulate neuron excitation.

  • Endocrine:

    • Primary Functions: Include blood glucose control.

    • Neuromodulators: intercellular signals like acetylcholine, produced in stressful situations to aid the nervous system.

Lymphatic System

  • B Cells: Label invaders for later destruction by macrophages.

  • Antibodies: Attach to pathogens, marking them for destruction.