Mr. Sinn Human Geo. Review

Unit 1: Thinking Geographically

  • Map Projections distort the Earth to fit everything on a map

    • affects direction, shape, area, and distance

    • ex: Mercator Map Projection is great at showing accurate locations, but it greatly distorts the size of landmasses, particularly near the poles.

    • Goode Homolosine Projection does a good job of showing the true size and shape of land masses but sacrifices accuracy in distance and direction, making it less useful for navigation.

    • Robinson Projection has more distortion near the poles, which helps preserve the size and land maps

    • Gall-Peters Projection is an equal-area projection that attempts to represent the area of landmasses more accurately than the Mercator, but like the Goode Homolosine, it does so at the expense of shape and angle, making it less effective for precise navigational purposes.

  • Interrupted Map tries to remove distortion by removing parts of the globe

  • Uninterrupted Map tries to represent the entire Earth without interruptions, maintaining both shape and proportion while sacrificing some spatial accuracy.

  • The 2 types of maps are Reference maps and Thematic maps

    • Reference maps focus on depicting general locations and features such as roads, valleys, and cities, while thematic maps emphasize specific themes or data, such as population density or climate patterns.

    • A reference map to be familiar with would be a Topographic map, which illustrates elevation changes across landscapes and helps in understanding the terrain's shape and features.

  • Absolute location/ exact location

  • Absolute distance/ exact distance

  • Relative Location/ direction given in relation to another object’s current location

  • Relative Direction/ estimate

  • Thematic Maps display spatial patterns of places and use quantitative data to display specific topics

    • ex: Cloropleth/ diff. shades on the map

  • Spatial analysis: the examination of locations and the distribution of phenomena across space helps to identify trends and relationships within geographical data.

  • GIS: Geographic information systems layer data on maps

  • Quantitative data is numbers, and Qualitative data is more specific to beliefs and what people are thinking

    • Data visualization: the graphical representation of information and data helps in understanding complex patterns and insights.

  • Advancements in communication have decreased distance decay, made the world more interconnected

  • Environmental sustainability:

    • environmental determinism is where the environment sets restrictions on society and culture, and they can’t do much about it

    • environmental possibilism is how society can overcome those roadblocks due to the environment

  • Scale of analysis: how it is being organized

    • Global/ whole world

    • Regional/continent

    • National/country

    • local/ cities or counties

  • Scale: how much of the earth we are viewing

    • Small scale: map of the earth with little detail

    • Large scale: map of specific place with a lot of detail

  • Different types of Regions

    • Functional Regions: areas organized around a center point, like areas of transportation

    • Vernacular Regions: areas defined by people's perception, such as the 'South' in the United States, which may vary in cultural identity.

    • Formal and Uniform Regions: areas with common features

Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

  • Pop. Distribution: where people are living

  • Areas with opportunities attract more people

    • Economic, social, political, and environmental factors all play significant roles in influencing population distribution and migration trends.

  • Arithmetic Density: population/amount of land

  • Physiological Density: Population/arable land

  • Agricultural Density: farmers/arable land

    • arable land: land suitable for crops

  • CBR: the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

  • CDR: the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

  • Natural Increase Rate: the difference between the crude birth rate (CBR) and the crude death rate (CDR), expressed as a percentage of the total population.

  • Total Fertility Rate: the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime based on current birth rates.

  • Dependency Ratio: the ratio of dependents (people younger than 15 or older than 64) to the total working-age population (people aged 15-64), illustrating the pressure on the productive population.

  • Sex Ratio: the number of males for every 100 females in a population, indicating gender balance and influencing social dynamics.

  • Doubling Time:the period of time required for a population to double in size

  • Population Pyramid: large base= early stage in DTM, and a small base= later stage in DTM

  • Stage 1 in DTM: High CBR and CDR= low natural increase; this stage is characterized by limited access to healthcare, high infant mortality rates, and subsistence farming, leading to a stable but small population.

  • Stage 2 in DTM: Characterized by a decline in mortality rates due to improvements in healthcare and sanitation while birth rates remain high, resulting in rapid population growth.

    • Industrial Revolution or Medical Revolution

  • Stage 3 in DTM: more urbanization and CBR goes down

  • Stage 4 in DTM: women receive more rights, and growth is at 0

  • Stage 5 in DTM (rare): death rises over birth and decrease in pop.

  • Epidemiological transition model follow DTM and follows causes of death in each stage of the DTM

  • Pronatal: have kids

  • Anti-natal: no kids

  • Malthuse Theorem: pop. grows too much to support

  • Neo-Malthusian: believers of the theory but with more detail

Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes

  • Cultural Relativism is when you view a culture through their perspective

  • Ethnocentrism is the practice of evaluating and interpreting other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture, often leading to a biased understanding.

  • Cultural Landscape: made up of different aspects of culture such as language, religion, customs, and architecture that shape the physical environment and reflect the identity of a society.

  • Relocation Diffusion occurs when people move from one location to another, bringing their cultural traits and practices with them

  • Expansion diffusion: more people do it the more it spreads

  • Hierarchical Diffusion: spreads from higher to lower status

  • Contagious Diffusion: spreads in all directions with no barriers

  • Stimulus Diffusion: culture traits diffuse and adapt to others

  • Space Time Compression: places feel closer

  • Acculturation: people retain their orginina; culture while also adopting aspects of the new culture

  • Assimilation: People lose their original cultural traits when they join a new culture

  • Syncretism: 2 cultures come in contact with each other and the end result is a new culture

  • Multiculturalism: When various ethnic and cultural groups coexist in a society

  • Universalizing Religions want more followers

  • Ethnic religion don’t want more followers

Unit 4: Political Patterns and Processes

(State info on lecture notes)

  • Self determination: their right to govern themselves

    • protects identity

  • Shatter Belt Region is caught between 2 fighting powers

  • Neocolonialism: economic control by foreign powers over a territory after its independence, often resulting in dependency and exploitation.

  • Antecedent Boundary: before settlement

  • Subsequent boundary: based on diff. ethnic groups and cultures

  • Consequent Boundaries: divides cultures and shares their differences

  • Superimposed boundaries: set by foreign powers

  • Geometric Boundary: straight lines

  • Physical Boundary: defined by natural features such as rivers, mountains, or lakes.

  • The Law of the sea:

    • Territorial waters: 12 nautical miles

    • Contiguous Zone:24 nautical miles

    • Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ): 200 Nautical Miles

    • International waters: anything past EEZ

  • Voting Districts are redrawn every 10 years after the census

  • Gerrymandering: redrawing districts in your favor

  • Unitary States: concentrate power in a central government rather than distributing it among local governments, often leading to a more uniform implementation of policies.

  • Federal State shares power with smaller forms of government

  • Centrifugal forces: Cultural, political, environmental, and economic forces that divide a country

  • Centripetal Forces: Cultural, political, environmental, and economic forces that unify a country

  • State sovereignty: state’s right to govern themselves

  • Supranational organization: gives up state sovereignty to have other benefits

Unit 5: Ag. and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes

  • Intensive Farming: near population centers to maximize yield and utilize limited land effectively.

    • require lots of labor and money

    • ex: plantation

  • Extensive Farming: involves larger areas of land and less intensive labor, focusing on crop rotation and animal grazing.

  • Commercial AG: for money

  • Subsistence Farming: where farmers grow enough food to feed themselves and their families, with little or no surplus for sale.

  • Clustered settlement patterns: refers to communities where homes and farms are located close together. High pop. density

  • Dispersed Settlement Patterns. low pop. density

  • Linear settlement patterns: on roads ,and are straight lines

  • Metes and Bounds:a system of land surveying that uses natural landmarks and physical features to define property boundaries, often resulting in irregular and non-linear shapes.

  • Long lots: a land division method that creates narrow, rectangular parcels of land that extend back from a river or road, allowing for easier access to water resources while maximizing the amount of land each owner receives.

  • Township and Range: grid pattern and uses Longitude and Latitude

  • First Ag revolution: sedentary ag. increased

  • 2nd Ag revolution: introduction of industrialized farming techniques, leading to increased crop yields and greater efficiency through mechanization and the use of synthetic fertilizers.

  • 3rd Ag revolution: also known as the Green Revolution, characterized by the adoption of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, advancements in irrigation methods, and increased usage of pesticides, significantly boosting food production in many developing countries.

    • Lead to Monocropping, growing one crop

    • Monoculture grow one crop and switch each harvest

  • Agribusinesses have emerged as key players in this system, often controlling the supply chain and influencing farming practices through distribution and marketing of HYV seeds and modern agricultural inputs.

  • Crops growing in value over time can lead to increased profitability for farmers, but it also raises concerns about sustainability and resource depletion if not managed carefully.

  • Organic Farms battle against these practices by promoting biodiversity, reducing reliance on chemical inputs

  • Women are mostly in subsistence ag

  • Bid rent theory: land price increase the farther from city

  • Von Thunen Model: Market, dairy, forest, grain, ranching

Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes

  • Site: physical features

  • Situation: surrounding things

  • Megacity: settlement with over 10 million people

  • Metacity: Urban area with over 20 million people

  • Boomburbs: surburban areas that experience rapid growth and development, often characterized by suburban sprawl and significant population increases.

  • Edge City: a relatively recent urban subcenter that incorporates a mix of residential, commercial, and retail spaces, typically located on the outskirts of an established city.

  • Exurb: outside of suburban area with a connection to a city/ metro area

  • gravity model: likeliness of a place interacting with another area

    • larger settlements

  • Christaller central place theory: aspatial theory that explains the distribution of services and settlements based on their sizes and the market areas they serve, emphasizing that larger settlements will provide higher-order services in fewer locations compared to smaller settlements, which offer lower-order services more widely.

  • Primate city ran rule: half pop. of second largest city

  • Rank size rule: 1st place city is the largest, followed by the 2nd place city being half the population of the 1st, and so on

  • Burgess Concentric Zone Model: cities grow outwards of the CBD

  • The Hoyt Sector Model: based on diff. economic and environmental factors

  • Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model: cities develop with multiple centers, or nuclei, which serve as focal points for specific activities and influences.

  • Galatic (Peripheral) Model: expansion of Multiple Nuclei

  • Latin American City Model: connects CBD to market and residential zones through a series of sectors that reflect socio-economic divisions and cultural patterns.

  • Sub Saharan african city model: 3 CBDs and squatter settlements

  • Southeast Asian city model characterized by a unique blend of colonial and traditional influences, featuring a CBD surrounded by a mix of ethnic and commercial zones along with substantial residential areas.

  • New Urbanism: create walkable neighborhoods that reduce urban sprawl and make life affordable

  • Green belts: areas designated to prevent urban sprawl, protect natural environments, and provide recreational spaces for city residents.

  • Urban Growth Boundaries A regional boundary put in place to prevent urban sprawl from occuring

  • Redlining: not giving loans

  • Blockbusting: telling the community about the new residents

    and creating fear to pressure residents to sell their homes at lower prices.

Unit 7 Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes

  • Formal Economy: taxed

  • Informal Economy: not taxed

  • Primary sector: taking materials from the earth

  • Secondary sector: factories

  • Tertiary sector: service jobs

  • Quaternary Sector: service based and deal with collecting and gathering of info

  • Quinary sector: decision jobs like a government official or a ceo

  • Special Economic Zones: areas where there are laws for trade and businesses are diff. from the rest of the country

  • Export Processing Zones: promote economic growth by offering incentives to foreign entities

  • Free Trade Zones: areas where goods can be stored, manufactured, or handled without paying extra fees, such as tariffs

  • Just in time delivery: a logistics strategy that aligns raw-material orders with production schedules, minimizing inventory costs and ensuring timely deliveries to consumers.

  • Agglomeration: the process whereby firms and industries cluster together in a specific area, enhancing efficiency and collaboration while reducing transportation costs.

  • Growth Poles: strategic geographic locations that promote economic development by attracting investments, businesses, and infrastructure, ultimately leading to regional growth and urbanization.

  • Neo Liberal policies: promote world trade

  • GDP: total value of goods & services produced inside the country

  • GNP: value of goods & services produced by only a country’s citizens

  • GNI per capita: country’s income divided by its population, reflecting the average income of individuals in that country.

  • Rostow’s Model of development:

    • Stage 1 traditional society: most jobs in primary sector

    • Stage 2 preconditions for takeoff: most jobs in secondary sector as industrialization begins, leading to increased infrastructure and investment in various sectors.

    • Stage 3