Napolean.2

Napoleon Section 4

Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica. It used to be an Italian island. That region of Italy was in debt to france. So they gave the island to France as payment. Technically he was born French but it is an Italian island. \n

He attends military school. The French revolution helped him to move many ranks in the military. He is considered a military genius. This was considered because he could move his troops very quickly and read the battlefield very well. He could almost predict where his enemies were going to be. \n

He gets Sardinia to make peace with France. He is able to defeat Austria four times, and he makes them sign a humiliating peace treaty in 1797. He has so many other military victories that it really didn’t matter but it hurt his pride. Everyone could get behind him. Unfortunately, the second coalition formed and they were able to drive the French out of northern italy. Napoleon doesn’t give up and he will eventually defeat the Second Coalition. He does go to Egypt to try to defeat the british to ruin the trade route to India

Loyalists believed that they would be able to overthrow the government and restore the king before that could happen. To make sure that didn’t happen to the other side, they created a coup d'etat. It is successful and Napoleon is now in charge of the government of France.

“I found the crown lying on the ground and I picked it up with my sword” – Napoleon

Napoleon Section 5

He is going to be in power from 1789-1814/1815

He is able to democratically become a dictator. He makes it almost like a dictatorship. We have to get rid of Louis and after that they are back at square one with another emperor, Napoleon.

The people of France were tired of the reign of terror so they just wanted to go back to normal. They wanted stability. Another reason is that because of the reign of terror, people were still very afraid to protest and talk back against certain things. Very popular for military victories, defeated Second Coalition, Napoleon keeps a lot of the ideals of the Declaration of Rights of Man and citizens and people like that because it kept the policies of the people

Things like serfdom and feudal privileges are not restored. Peasants are reassured that they can keep their land. What we mean by this is that during the french revolution, the government confiscated church properties, and it was sold to peasants to pay off the debt. Now that they bring back catholicism, they are worried that their church land is going to get taken away.

He is an enlightened despot. He made things like education reforms and established many ideals at the time. His ideals and policies are going to push France into becoming a modern state.

Napoleon promises them 3 things: peace won by victory and military, he will establish a firm and steady government, and he will try to ensure economic prosperity

Now that the directory is gone ad Napoleon is in the government, government is referred to as the Consulate

The executive branch is made up of three Consuls

Napoleon is going to give himself the title of the First Consul, takes title from ancient rome the consonant will be from 1799-1804

He is in control of the army and navy, appoints all officials, he can propose laws (as an executive you cannot make laws, legislatures make laws, legislative branch is a joke, they just do anything napoleon proposes, Napoleon is really running the show)

He and his government create a new constitution and they do allow the public to vote on it (Plebiscite), they accept the constitution \n

The Napoleonic code is Napoleon’s set of laws for France. He gets a lot of legal experts from all over France and he has them consolidate all of their laws into one Napoleonic code. Depending on what region you are in, you may have a set of different laws. However, he consolidates them into one. Some of the things listed in the Napoleonic code are very good, and some are not so good so everyone gets equality before the law. Freedom of religion is one radical idea and abolition of privilege. All the social classes are treated equally now it doesn’t matter which social class you are in you all have the same rights.

Property Protection rights: increase male authority, the woman were legally depended on the husband/father

A women could not buy or sell property without the husband’s consent, he had to approve of this action

Napoleon also establishes Bank of France- it will be a central, financial institution for the country

He also does Public Education Reforms- it is on all levels of education. Education reform for all

He also creates an agency called University of France- they will run the school system (direct the school system)

1801- Concordat of 1801- fancy word for agreement of 1801. THis is an agreement with the Pope. It is really important for Napoleon because the pope will agree not to go after the land that was not confiscated during the French Revolution. SUPER DUPER IMPORTANT because now he keeps his promise to the peasants. He promised the peasants “you will be able to keep your land” and now through this agreement he is fulfilling the promise. Now the peasants do not have to fear losing their land. The pope in return gets Catholicism as the official religion of France, however there still will be religious tolerance, but it’s okay if you’re not but most people in France were. The pope will regain the right to confirm church dignitaries (officials). The pope will get a say in who gets appointed to what for church dignitaries(officials).

Other things Napoleon does are not good things. There will be Censorship of the Press. He will censor the Press. He will shut down all political opposition, no political opposition whatsoever. However, in return, people will gain security, stability, and prosperity. Those are the things Napoleon had promised in the beginning. The Second Coalition is defeated as well. 1801 Austria will ask for peace. In 1802 Britain signed a peace treaty.

Peace won by the military. So much so, in 1804 there was a Plebiscite, the people would vote whether or not France should be an Empire with Napoleon as their Emperor. They voted yes. The pope will go to France because you have your Coronation, the pope will crown you and place it on your head (Pope’s job). However, Napoleon will take the crown out of the Pope’s hand and place it on his own head. So Napoleon crowns himself, not the Pope. This is significant because it shows the ego Napoleon has, and tells us that Napoleon is the only one to thank for being Emperor. “I’m the only one to thank, I got myself here, nobody else.”

Another significance of Napoleon as emperor; it makes it a hereditary position. If you're a king or emperor, it is hereditary. So Napoleon's children will be the next rulers. To be the Emperor, it means your children will rule after you as well, that is why he became Emperor.

1805- Back at war. The Third Coalition was created in 1805. This Coalition will be led by Britain and a significant shift in this Coalition is that Spain is allied with France, not part of the Coalition. In 1805 you will have a major battle of Trafalgar. It is a battle with France and Spain against Britain. Now, Britain has a very high ranked admiral, Heractio Nelson (he is leading the British). Heractio Nelson will die in this battle however, it is a major victory for Britain anyway, which means it is a major loss for Napoleon. It is after this battle where Napoleon realizes that he will never be able to invade Britain. Britain will rule the seas but Napoleon will rule the continent of Europe.

Since he realizes he cannot hurt Britain militarily, he will hurt them economically with the Continental System (Napoleon's first downfall).

Even though Battle of Trafalgar was a major loss for Napoleon, Battle of Austerlitz was a major victory for him so much so, this battle was where the Third Coalition started to fall apart. It was against Austrian and Russian troops.

1808- Austria and Prussia will sign humiliating treaties. Czar Alexander I of Russia will be allied with Napoleon. He will rule Austrian Netherlands, and the Dutch Netherlands, he will rule Spain, he will Denmark and make them form an alliance. Papal states are also forced into an Alliance. Most significant thing he does is the Confederation of the Rhine. The Holy Roman Empire is officially gone. The Holy Roman Emperor will now only rule Austria and emperor. Then he will take all of the tiny German states into one confederation of the Rhine. The significance of it is that it will accelerate German unification. He will make himself the protectorate of the Confederation of the Rhine.

Where Napoleon will rule, he will keep his family members on the throne. All of the lands Napoleon conquered will be placed under the Napoleonic Code. However, these people don’t want to be ruled by a foreigner in a sense of Nationalism (a bad word in Europe back then). Napoleon makes a major mistake making them equal because a mistake he makes will share his modern military technology because now his enemies know how Napoleon operates. Their enemies will know how to defeat Napoleon and will backfire on him.

Three Mistakes:

1. Continental System - Goes into effect in 1806. It is a result of the battle of Trafalgar (Battle against Britain, defeat for Napoleon, cannot defeat Britain, can’t hurt militarily but can economically). In essence it was an embargo, no British ship was allowed into a European dock. No European ship was allowed to go to Britain. They wanted to cut Britain off of all trade. Now Britain is just going to respond with their own embargo. They said any ship that is going to go to Europe had to go to Britain first for a special license. It ends up hurting everyone's economy. Hurts France more than Britain and neutral states. The point of this was to hurt and get Britain in economic trouble so Napoleon can ask Britain for a treaty but that does not happen. This is Napoleon's first and worst mistake because it causes the following mistakes. \n
2. Peninsula War - This was a war on the Iberian peninsula. The countries on the iberian peninsula are Spain and Portugal. What happens is that Portugal stops following the continental system so France invades and takes over the iberian peninsula. The timeframe for this is 1808 to 1814. Napoleon placed his brother Joseph on the throne in Spain. The Spanish are not going to take this lightly and they will fight. By the time this is all set and done 300,000 French men are killed. The Spanish will use guerilla tactics and ambush fighting. They will also receive help from Britain. Britain is going to send troops under Arthur Wellesley A.K.A. the Duke of Wellington. It ends in 1814 because Napoleon is defeated and his brother is brought back down from the throne. Another result of this is that Spain will create a limited/constitutional monarchy. It won’t last very long but that aspect of the French revolution inspired the spainaiard to create the limited monarchy.
3. The Invasion of Russia - 1812- Czar Alexndar I stops implementing/forcing the Continental System. Napoleon is going to create his grand army of 600,000 men. Half of the men were French the other half was from terriotories that Napoleon had conquered. This is important because the men did not want to be in the army, they didn’t want to fight for the French (why would i die for another country that I am not a part of). He is going to set out for the Spring of 1812 to go and invade Russia. Russia is going to use the Scorched earth tactic (burn everything to the ground). As they retreat further and further into Russia, they burn everything to the ground. The reason they did this was so that when the French troops get there, there is nothing for the French to use (no supplies, shelter, resources). This is important because they leave in the Spring time and don’t get to Moscow until Septemebr. The city is abandoned and waiting for Czard Alexander to return but he does not return. By the time Napoleon decides to leave Moscow and retreat back to France, he is down to 120,000 men compared to 600,000. He was foolish that he waited so long because now it is now very cold in Russia. Men will freeze to death, runaway, starve. By the time they get to Prussia, there is only 50,000 men left remaining. When he gets to Prussia, he leaves the army so that he can get back to France to create another army. Seeing how weak Napoleon is, European countries break there treaties to form another allinace. \n

In October 1813, they meet in Leipzig (in Saxonny), awful loss for Napoleon. By March 1814, Paris is captured. Napoleon is exiled to the island of Elba (close to Italy). France will be ruled by Louis the XVIII (18th). France’s borders will go back to 1792 with another Louis as ruler. Louis XVIII (17th) is the brother of Louis XVI (16th). Louis the XVII (17th) never ruled France he is the son of Louis XVI (16th). Louis XVII (17th) was fostered by terrible people and dies at young age. Louis XVIII (18th) not a great king, having a hard time in France. Napoleon hears this and decides that he is going to escape Elba and overthrow Louis XVIII (18th). Napoleon returns March 1, 1815 and will mark the beginning of his 100 days. Louis XVIII (18th) will send out the French army to capture Napoleon. Nobody of course will shoot Napoleon and people starts cheering him on and supports Napoleon. Louis XVIII (18th) flees France and Napoleon is back. Great Brtiain, Netherlands, and Russia will defeat Napoleon at Waterloo in June 1815. You have Duke of Wellington led troops to Waterloo (Arthur Wellesly) to help defeat Napoleon. Now Napoleon is done for good and sends hm on an island (Saint Helena) further away and dies in 1821. Louis XVIII (18th) reutrns and in 1840, the French are allowed to bring Napoleon’s remains back to France.

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