Notes on Bernini and Borromini's Architectural Works

Overview of Two Architects: Bernini and Borromini
  • Discussion focused on two significant architects of the 17th century:
    • Gian Lorenzo Bernini: Renowned for his baroque style and large commissions, particularly of St. Peter's.
    • Francesco Borromini: Bernini's rival, known for his unique design approach and also for being overshadowed by Bernini in terms of major commissions.
San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane (San Carlino) - Francesco Borromini

  • Design Timeline:

    • Church designed from 1638 to 1641.
    • Facade completed in 1665 to 1667 due to budget constraints.

  • Site Characteristics:

    • Located at a narrow intersection without a traditional piazza in front.
    • Complications arose from surrounding ancient fountains which influenced design and geometry.

  • Architectural Plan:

    • Appears rectangular but incorporates features of a Greek cross plan.
    • Unique in appearance, feels like a central plan stretched, showing Borromini’s tendency to defy architectural norms.

  • Interior Design:

    • Engaged columns support a cornice with alternating curves and straight segments, emphasizing a dynamic form.
    • The interior does not feature flat spaces, with niches and intricate details filling every inch.

  • Dome and Ceiling:

    • The dome displays an oval shape, not circular, further showcasing the organic style of architecture.
    • Interior coffers feature varied geometric shapes (hexagons, octagons, crosses), enhancing light and shadow dynamics, creating a sculptural feel.

  • Facade Design:

    • Known for a complex shape with concave and convex forms - breaks traditional facade expectations.
    • Designed in three bays, the facade highlights the dual layer of architectural detail.

  • Ornate Details:

    • Significant use of sculptural elements and ornaments, including niches with saints and intricate carvings.
    • All elements are bespoke, showcasing an emphasis on artistry over standardization.
St. Peter's Basilica and Bernini's Contributions

  • After Carlo Maderno's death, Bernini took charge of the St. Peter's project, including the colonnade from 1656 to 1667.

  • Design Concepts:

    • Utilized a trapezoidal and oval form for the piazza and its colonnade, contrasting with more traditional forms.
    • Explained his design as representing the "outstretched arms of the mother church" to embrace the faithful.

  • Architectural Critique:

    • Satirical drawings emerged criticizing Bernini’s new forms, hinting at the awkwardness compared to classical ideals like Vitruvian man.
    • Represented as discord in values between classical geometry versus Bernini’s innovative designs.

  • Colonnade Design:

    • Characteristic massive Doric columns, quadruple in thickness, serving not just aesthetic but functional roles in directing visitors into the Vatican.
    • Compared to human scale, they create a sense of grandeur and strength of the church amid design critiques.

  • Facade Appearance:

    • The trapezoidal shape and broader aspect of the colonnade strengthen the visual impact of St. Peter's, enhancing height perception despite actual constraints of the structure.