Dosage Forms Flashcards

Dosage Forms

Dosage forms are classified according to:

  • Route of administration
    • Oral
    • Topical
    • Parenteral
  • Physical form
    • Solid
    • Semisolid
    • Liquid
    • Gaseous

Liquid Preparations

  • Aqueous preparations
  • Alcoholic preparations

Aqueous Preparations

  • Solutions: Clear liquid preparations for oral use.
    • Example: Children's Cetirizine Hydrochloride Oral Solution (1mg/ml) as an antihistamine for allergy relief.
  • Syrups: Concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar.
  • Suspensions: Cloudy mixtures prepared by dispersing solid drug (insoluble) particles in water with the aid of a suspending agent, ensuring homogenous distribution via shaking.
    • Insoluble powder suspended in water by aid of emulsifying agent.
  • Decoctions: Obtained by boiling drying plants in water and should be prepared fresh before administration.
  • Lotions: Soft aqueous suspension or emulsions for local application on the skin.
    • Example: calamine lotion.
  • Emulsions: Stabilized oil-in-water dispersions, where either or both phases may contain dissolved solids.
    • Oil particulate (hydrophobic).
    • Water (hydrophilic).
    • Emulsifier.
  • Ear & eye drops

Alcoholic Preparations

  • Tinctures: Alcoholic preparations containing the active principals of vegetable drugs or chemical substances.
    • Example: Iodine Tincture.
  • Elixirs: Sweetened flavored clear liquid oral preparation of potent or nauseous drugs.
  • Spirits: Alcoholic or aqueous alcoholic solutions of volatile substances used as flavoring agents.

Solid Forms

  • Tablets
    • Ordinary tablet
    • Effervescent tablets
    • Pills
    • Sublingual tablets
    • Chewing tablets
    • Lozenges
  • Capsules
    • Hard gelatin capsules
    • Soft gelatin capsules
  • Powder

Tablets

  • Aspirin enteric coated vs. Aspirin (non-coated)
    • Aspirin enteric coated is covered by acid-resistant coat, so dissolve in alkaline intestine and protect stomach from aspirin irritant effect.
  • Controlled Release (CR) or Sustained Release (SR)
    • Drug is enclosed with coats of different dissolution rates so slow uniform absorption with long duration, less fluctuation in serum level, better patient compliance.

Powders

  • Effervescent granules
  • Skin powders

Semisolid Forms

  • Ointment
  • Cream
    • Aqueous Cream
    • Emulsifying Ointment
  • Gel
  • Paraffin Gel
  • Suppository

Preparations for Parenteral Administration

  • Ampoules
  • Vials
  • Bottles

Inserts, Implants and Devices

  • Subcutaneous pellet implantation
    • Example: contraceptive - causes fibrosis, so slow absorption and long duration.

Transdermal Patches

  • Examples: Nicotine, hyoscine, nitroglycerine.
  • Matrix Controlled Transdermal Patch System
    • Clear backing
    • Drug reservoir
    • Drug-release membrane
    • Contact adhesive
    • Backing layer (impermeable)
    • Adhesive containing drug
    • Release liner

Objective Structured Practical Examination (OSPE)

Examples and Questions

  • Identifying dosage forms from images.
  • Difference between Aspirin enteric coated and Aspirin (non-coated) tablets.
    • Aspirin enteric coated is covered by acid resistant coat so dissolve in alkaline intestine and protect stomach from aspirin irritant effect.
  • Advantages of extended release tablet over usual tablet.
    • Drug is enclosed with coats of different dissolution rates so slow uniform absorption with long duration, less fluctuation in serum level and better patient compliance.
  • Drugs used via transdermal patch route.
    • Nicotine, hyoscine, nitroglycerine.

Assignment

  • Group activity
    • Objectives:
      • Identify suitable route of the selected dosage forms.
      • Identify advantages & disadvantages of the chosen route?
    • Groups:
      • Group 1: Syrup
      • Group 2: Ampoule
      • Group 3: Suppository
      • Group 4: Ointment
      • Group 5: Sublingual tablet