Forensic Photography Methodology & Issues

Introduction to Crime Scene Photography

  • Importance of thoughtful methodology in crime scene photography.

  • Photography demands consideration of what is important and how to best illustrate information.

  • Effective demonstration of crime scene aspects can be done using three basic types of photographs.

Photography Methodology

  • A consistent photography methodology prevents mistakes of omission.

  • Key elements of a functional methodology include:

    • Documenting the Scene:

      • Document the entire scene in situ immediately upon arrival.

      • Ensure no life-saving measures or safety issues are present before photographing.

    • Photographing Fragile Evidence:

      • Use evidence establishing and evidence close-up photographs for fragile items that might disappear or be impacted by environmental factors.

    • Documenting Known Evidence Items:

      • Similar to fragile evidence, document all known evidence with establishing and close-up shots.

    • Use of Placards:

      • Employ evidence placards (cards, flags) to differentiate various items of evidence clearly.

    • Late Discoveries of Evidence:

      • If new evidence is found later, photograph it appropriately even after scene alterations have occurred.

    • Photographing Altered Conditions:

      • Create photographs that demonstrate examinations (e.g., blood stain pattern analysis, trajectory analysis), even if they show the scene in an altered state.

    • Use of Photo Identifier:

      • Begin each new film roll or series of photos with a photo identifier card to capture the basic information (what, when, who).

    • Photo Log:

      • Maintain a photo log to track each photograph's purpose and subject matter.

Purpose of Photographs in Investigation

  • Primary purpose: Investigation

    • Photographs support scene documentation and visually illustrate the scene's condition as found.

    • Must capture the reality of violent scenes without edits for sensitivity.

  • Supplemental purpose: Legal illustration

    • For court admissibility, photographs must:

      • Accurately depict the scene.

      • Be free of distortion.

      • Be material and relevant to the case.

Technical Considerations for Photography

  • Importance of knowing how to use the camera:

    • The type of camera (DSLR, point-and-shoot, film, cell phone) doesn't matter as much as knowing how to operate it effectively.

  • Avoid abnormal angles, wide-angle lenses (28mm and under) to prevent distortion:

    • Square the camera's lens plane with subject matter.

    • Recommended lens use:

      • 28mm for overall photos.

      • 50mm or 50mm macro for evidence shots.

    • Avoid using fisheye or telephoto lenses.

  • Avoid taking grotesque or sensational photographs that can incite juries.

  • Video as a Supplementary Tool:

    • Video does not replace photography but complements it.

    • Take overall photographs before using video.

    • Use video for walkthroughs, capturing full scenes and later in processing for specific evidence documentation.

  • Precautions for Video Use:

    • The camera does not focus like the human eye.

    • Use deliberate camera movements; limit abrupt transitions.

    • Maintain focus for at least ten seconds at a new point of interest.

    • Use fill flash for dark areas.

    • Record video without audio initially; ensure any narration is factual and succinct.

Common Issues in Crime Scene Photography

Areas of Improper Photography:

  1. Understanding of Equipment:

    • Confidence in using equipment is vital to prevent poor focus and lighting.

  2. Composition Understanding:

    • Problems can arise if photographers do not understand their intention in documenting crime scenes.

Common Problems Resulting from Improper Photography:

  • Identification Problems:

    • Photographs may fail to inform the viewer clearly about the subject or context.

    • Mitigated by well-executed evidence establishing shots and close-ups.

  • Orientation Problems:

    • Lack of landmarks can confuse viewers, making it hard to understand the layout of the scene.

    • Good evidence establishing shots clarify where objects are located.

  • Confusion Problems:

    • Photos may show altered states of evidence, causing uncertainty regarding what is accurately captured.

    • Proper use of a photo log and clear placarding eliminates much confusion.

  • Incomplete Documentation:

    • Risk of missing critical details or evidence in photographs.

    • Systematic techniques aid in preventing mistakes and omissions.

Conclusion

  • Photographic documentation must be comprehensive, capturing all relevant details of a crime scene, including upper areas and environmental contexts.

  • Proper methodology, technique, and understanding of the scene and equipment ensure the integrity and efficacy of crime scene photography, supporting both investigation and courtroom needs.