Into to movement

Anatomical Planes

  • Sagittal Plane (Longitudinal)

    • Definition: A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right portions.

  • Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane)

    • Definition: A vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.

  • Transverse Plane (Axial Plane)

    • Definition: A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions.

Anatomical Terminology

  • Midline

    • Definition: The imaginary line that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

  • Proximal

    • Definition: Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment (e.g., the arm attaches to the shoulder).

  • Distal

    • Definition: Further from the origin of the body part or point of attachment/reference.

  • Superior (Cranial)

    • Definition: Toward the head or higher part of the body (above).

  • Inferior (Caudal)

    • Definition: Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body (below).

  • Medial

    • Definition: Towards the midline of the body; inner side.

  • Lateral

    • Definition: Away from the midline of the body; outer side.

  • Anterior (Ventral)

    • Definition: Towards or on the front of the body (in front of).

  • Posterior (Dorsal)

    • Definition: Towards or on the back of the body (behind).

Axes of Movement

  • Definition of Axis: An axis is a point around which rotational movement can occur, typically passing through joints, which act as fulcrum or pivot points of levers.

  • Sagittal Axis

    • Orientation: Runs horizontally from front to back through the body.

    • Movement: Occurs in the frontal (coronal) plane.

  • Frontal Axis

    • Orientation: Runs horizontally from side to side (left to right) through the body.

    • Movement: Occurs in the sagittal plane.

  • Vertical Axis

    • Orientation: Runs vertically through the body from head to toe.

    • Movement: Occurs in the transverse (horizontal) plane.

Types of Movements in Physiotherapy

  • Anatomical: Refers to correct alignment and joint structure.

  • Physiological: Related to the function of different body systems and their interactions.

  • Biomechanical: Focuses on force, time, and distance relationships in movement.

  • Psychological: Involves motivation, perceptions, and sensations affecting movement.

  • Sociological: Considers the meanings given to various movements and the influence of social settings.

  • Environmental: Looks at the environmental influences on movement.

Anatomical Position

  • Anatomical Position: A standardized reference orientation of the human body that aids in the description of location and alignment. The standard position features the body standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.

Specific Movements

  • Flexion: Decreasing the angle between body parts.

  • Extension: Increasing the angle between body parts.

  • Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.

  • Adduction: Movement toward the midline of the body.

  • Medial Rotation: Rotation toward the midline.

  • Lateral Rotation: Rotation away from the midline.

  • Lateral Flexion: Moving the trunk away from the midline.

  • Plantarflexion: Moving the dorsum of the foot away from the anterior surface of the leg.

  • Dorsiflexion: Moving the dorsum of the foot towards the anterior surface of the leg.

  • Supination (Forearm): Turning the palm of the hand to face anteriorly.

  • Pronation (Forearm): Turning the palm of the hand to face posteriorly.

  • Inversion: Moving the whole foot to face the sole medially (combines movement of supination and adduction).

  • Eversion: Moving the whole foot to face the sole laterally (combines movement of pronation and abduction).

Physiological Systems Involved in Movement

  • Skeletal System: Provides stability and serves as levers for movement.

  • Muscular System: Involves muscle strength and the roles of agonists and antagonists.

  • Neurological System: Understanding the role of the central nervous system (CNS), especially the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortex.

  • Respiratory System: Pertains to energy supply, metabolism, and endurance.

  • Cardiovascular System: Involves control of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP).

Muscle Work in Physiotherapy

  • Types of Muscle Work:

    • Isometric: No change in length, increase in tension (e.g., anti-gravity muscles).

    • Isotonic: Changes in length with constant tension; further divided into:

    • Eccentric: Muscle lengthens during contraction.

    • Concentric: Muscle shortens during contraction to produce force.

  • Force of musculature: Refers to how muscles work against resistance, including gravitational force.

Movement Classification

  • Types of Movement:

    • Passive Movements: Produced by an external force without voluntary muscle contraction.

    • Active Movements: Produced by active contraction of muscles.

    • Active Assisted Movements: Help provided when a patient cannot complete the movement actively due to weakness.

    • Resisted Movements: Movements against resistance, typically performed actively.

Observational Analysis of Movement

  • yObservation Framework: Most therapists use