Classification of Living Organisms - Comprehensive Notes

Do Now - Matching Exercise

• Match the following:
  • 1. Homo sapien
  • 2. Homo erectus
  • 3. Australopithecus afarensis
  • 4. Homo habilis
  • 5. Homo neanderthalensis
• Challenge:
  • What is the common name for each?
  • When did each one exist?

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Organisms

• Summarize the key characteristics of eukaryotic organisms:
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Fungi
  • Protoctists
• Compare common features of prokaryotic organisms (e.g., bacteria) to eukaryotic organisms.
• Keywords:
  • Eukaryote
  • Protoctist
  • Prokaryote

Lucy

• Lucy:
  • Discovery: 1974
  • Location: Ethiopia
  • Description: Several hundred fossilized bones, 40% of a female skeleton.
• Think-pair-share: What is this? How does it link to the previous slide?

Classification

• Classification Questions:
  1. What is classification?
  2. What determines groupings?
  3. What are the names of the 5 kingdoms of living organisms?
  4. Make notes on the key characteristics for the organisms in each of the kingdoms.

Classification of Living Organisms

• All living organisms can be classified into groups based on certain criteria.
• One simple classification method is splitting living things into 5 Kingdoms.
• The 5 kingdoms are:
  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Protoctists
  • Bacteria
• Viruses:
  • Non-living and classified separately.

Kingdoms - Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

• Eukaryotic Kingdoms:
  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Protoctists
  • Cells possess a nucleus.
• Prokaryotic Kingdoms:
  • Bacteria
  • Cells lack a nucleus.
• Key characteristics to consider for each kingdom:
  • Cell wall?
  • Chloroplasts?
  • Eukaryote or prokaryote?
  • Nutrition?
  • Movement?
  • Coordination?
  • Carbohydrate storage?

Kingdom Characteristics Table

• Table includes the following kingdoms:
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Fungi
  • Protoctista
  • Prokaryote (bacteria)
• Table characteristics:
  • Cell wall?
  • Chloroplasts?
  • Eukaryote or prokaryote?
  • Nutrition
  • Movement
  • Coordination
  • Carbohydrate storage

Completed Kingdom Characteristics Table

• Plants:
  • Cell wall: Yes (Cellulose)
  • Chloroplasts: Yes
  • Eukaryote or prokaryote: Eukaryotic
  • Nutrition: Autotroph – photosynthesis
  • Movement: Growth movements
  • Coordination: No nervous system
  • Carbohydrate storage: Sucrose and starch
• Animals:
  • Cell wall: No
  • Chloroplasts: No
  • Eukaryote or prokaryote: Eukaryotic
  • Nutrition: Heterotroph
  • Movement: Movement
  • Coordination: Nervous System
  • Carbohydrate storage: Glycogen
• Fungi:
  • Cell wall: Yes (Chitin)
  • Chloroplasts: No
  • Eukaryote or prokaryote: Eukaryotic
  • Nutrition: Saprotroph
  • Movement: None
  • Coordination: No nervous system
  • Carbohydrate storage: Glycogen
• Protoctista:
  • Cell wall: Some do (Cellulose)
  • Chloroplasts: Some
  • Eukaryote or prokaryote: Eukaryotic
  • Nutrition: Heterotroph, Autotroph
  • Movement: Yes (Ciliates, Amoeboids)
  • Coordination: No nervous system
  • Carbohydrate storage: All
• Prokaryote (bacteria):
  • Cell wall: Yes (Peptidoglycan)
  • Chloroplasts: No (But some do photosynthesis)
  • Eukaryote or prokaryote: Prokaryotic
  • Nutrition: Heterotroph, Autotroph
  • Movement: Yes - (some) flagella
  • Coordination: No nervous system
  • Carbohydrate storage: N/A

Exam Style Question

• Complete the missing parts of the table (5 marks)
• Kingdom Carbohydrate store Cell wall Nucleus present:
  • Animal: Glycogen None Yes
  • Plant: Starch Cellulose Yes
  • Bacteria: Glycogen Peptidoglycan No
  • Fungi: Glycogen Chitin Yes

Kingdoms - Plants

• Multicellular.
• Cells contain chloroplasts.
• Carry out photosynthesis (autotrophic).
• Have cellulose cell walls.
• Store sugar as starch or sucrose.

Kingdoms - Plant Examples

• Non-flowering plants.
• Flowering plants.
• Herbaceous legume: Pea.
• Cereal: Maize.

Kingdoms - Animals

• Multicellular.
• Heterotrophic (feeding on other organisms).
• Capable of movement.
• Have nervous coordination.
• No cell wall or chloroplasts.
• Store carbohydrate as glycogen.

Kingdoms - Animal Examples

• Invertebrates (e.g., Insects).
• Vertebrates (e.g., Mammal).
• Invertebrate vs. Vertebrate.

Kingdoms - Fungi

• Can be multicellular or unicellular.
• Cell wall made of chitin.
• Made of mycelium of hyphae (many nuclei).
• Feed by saprophytic nutrition (extracellular enzymes).
• Store carbohydrate as glycogen.

Kingdoms - Fungi Examples

• Multicellular.
• Single celled.

Kingdoms - Protoctists

• Collection of simple organisms that don't fit into other groups (\'dustbin\' kingdom).
• Some are like animals, some like plants.
• Mostly single celled (some multicellular).

Kingdoms - Protoctist Examples

• More plant like.
• More animal like.

Kingdoms - Bacteria

• Small single celled organisms.
• Cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
• Some have a capsule or slime layer.
• Has no nucleus.
• Some species have flagella for movement.
• Some contain plasmids (small loops of DNA).
• Have one circular chromosome.
• Some can do photosynthesis.

Kingdoms - Bacteria Structure

• Typical Bacteria Structure:
  • Plasmid
  • Cell wall
  • Capsule
  • Chromosome
  • Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Flagella

Kingdoms - Bacteria Examples

• Spherical shaped.
• Rod shaped.
• Used in the production of yogurt from milk.
• Causes the disease pneumonia.