CPC Test 2025 Chapter 10

Urinary System and Male Genital System

Introduction

  • This chapter covers the anatomy of the urinary and male reproductive systems.
  • Objectives include:
    • Describing the anatomy.
    • Identifying urinary system diseases using ICD-10-CM.
    • Reviewing CPT coding for the genitourinary and male genital systems.
    • Applying modifiers.
    • Identifying relevant HCPCS Level II codes.

Anatomy and Medical Terminology

The Urinary System
  • The urinary system removes urea from the blood.
  • It includes two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra.
  • Terms "renal" and "nephro" are often interchangeable, both referring to the kidney.
  • The renal pelvis is the expanded end of the ureter that attaches to the kidney and receives urine through the major calyces, acting as a funnel.
  • Urine flows through the ureters to the bladder for storage.
  • During urination, bladder muscles tighten, squeezing urine into the urethra for exit from the body.
  • The bladder neck is the proximal opening of the urethra; in men, it's near the prostate gland.
  • Obstruction of the bladder neck can occur due to an enlarged prostate in men or vaginal/pelvic prolapse in women.
  • Kidneys are bean-shaped organs that remove urea from blood using nephrons.
  • Each nephron includes a glomerulus (capillaries ball) and a renal tubule.
  • Urea, water, and other waste form urine as they pass through nephrons and renal tubules.
  • Ureters are muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, using peristalsis to force urine downward.
  • If urine stands still or backs up, pyelonephritis (kidney infection) can develop.
  • The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular, expandable organ that collects urine.
  • Terms "vesical" or "cyst" refer to the urinary bladder in coding.
  • During urination, the brain signals bladder muscles to tighten and sphincter muscles to relax, allowing urine to exit through the urethra.
  • The urethra connects the bladder to the outside of the body.
  • In males, the prostatic urethra passes through the prostate gland and accepts drainage from prostatic ducts, equipped with ejaculatory tubes.
  • The female urethra leads out of the body via the urethral orifice.
Male Reproductive System
  • Consists of the testicles (testes), duct system (epididymis and vas deferens), and accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands).
  • Testes produce and store sperm cells and secrete hormones (endocrine function).
  • They are surrounded by the tunica vaginalis.
  • The pituitary gland induces the testicles to produce testosterone.
  • The duct system includes the epididymis and vas deferens.
  • The epididymis is a coiled tube connecting the testicles to the vas deferens.
  • The vas deferens transports semen from the epididymis to the prostatic urethra.
  • The scrotum holds testicles outside the body to keep them cooler for sperm creation.
  • Seminal vesicles are tubular glands that contribute fluid to the ejaculate.
  • Accessory glands (seminal vesicles and prostate gland) provide fluids to lubricate the duct system and nourish the sperm.
  • Sperm develops in the seminiferous tubules within the testicles.
  • Testosterone and other hormones transform cells into sperm cells, which then move to the epididymis to complete development before moving to the vas deferens.
  • The prostate gland surrounds the bladder neck and urethra in males and secretes the liquid portion of the seminal fluid that carries sperm.
  • During orgasm, the prostate's muscular glands propel prostate fluid and sperm into the urethra, and semen leaves through the penis during ejaculation.
  • The penis consists of the shaft and glans (head), with the meatus (small slit or opening) at the end of the glans for semen and urine exit.
  • The foreskin (prepuce) covers the end of the penis, and its excision is called circumcision.
Key Root Words, Suffixes, and Prefixes
  • -cele: herniation, or prolapse
  • cyst/o: relating to a bladder
  • dys-: painful, bad, disordered, difficult
  • ex/o: outside of, without
  • hydr/o: relating to fluid, water, or hydrogen
  • -ia/sis: condition of
  • lith/o: calcification, stone
  • nephr/o: relating to the kidney
  • -oma: tumor
  • orchi/o: relating to the testicles
  • -orrhaphy: suturing
  • osche/o: relating to the scrotum
  • -osis: condition, process
  • -pexy: fixation or suspension
  • pyel/o: relating to the renal pelvis
  • vesic/o: relating to the urinary bladder

ICD-10-CM Coding

Diseases of the Genitourinary System (N00-N99)
  • Diseases of the kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra primarily covered in Chapter 14.
  • Includes Diseases of the Male Genital Organs (N40-N99).
  • Diagnoses also found in Chapter 17 (Congenital Malformations, Deformations, and Chromosomal Abnormalities - Q00-Q99), Chapter 2 (Neoplasms - C00-D49), and Chapter 18 (Symptoms, Signs, and Abnormal Clinical and Laboratory Findings, Not Elsewhere Classified - R00-R99).
  • Nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys) usually caused by bacteria or their toxins.
  • Glomerulonephritis involves lesions primarily in the glomeruli and can be acute, rapidly progressive, or chronic.
  • Nephrotic syndrome is marked by increased glomerular permeability to proteins, usually due to glomerular injury.
  • Codes for nephritis, glomerulonephritis, and nephrotic syndrome (N00-N08) utilize combination codes.
  • Pyelonephritis (N10-N12) is a kidney infection, usually from a bacterial infection ascending from the urinary bladder. Use an additional code to identify the organism, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) (B96.20-B96.29).
  • Codes are based on the time parameter of acute or chronic, following ICD-10-CM sequencing rules.
  • Hydronephrosis (N13) is the accumulation of fluid in the renal pelvis and kidney due to a urinary obstruction. Causes include kidney or ureteral stones, neurogenic bladder, and hyperplasia of the prostate (BPH). Neurogenic bladder is a dysfunction caused by nerve or central nervous system lesions.
  • Renal (kidney) failure (N17-N19) is the inability of the kidneys to function and can be partial, temporary, acute, chronic, or complete. In chronic kidney disease (CKD) (N18), the kidneys' ability to filter waste declines slowly, classified into five stages based on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR):
    • Stage 1: GFR > 90
    • Stage 2: GFR 60-89
    • Stage 3a: GFR 45-59
    • Stage 3b: GFR 30-44
    • Stage 4: GFR 15-29
    • Stage 5: GFR 0-14
  • A physician must document the stage of CKD; it should not be inferred from lab reports.
  • End stage renal disease (ESRD-N18.6) requires renal replacement therapies like dialysis or transplantation. Report ESRD (N18.6) when documentation states CKD, stage 5, and chronic dialysis is required.
  • Encounters for patients presenting with hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are coded from range 112-113. Code primary hypertension unless secondary hypertension is specified.
  • Secondary hypertension is defined as "high arterial blood pressure due to or with a variety of primary diseases, such as renal disorders, CNS disorders, endocrine, and vascular diseases."
  • Renovascular disease is a progressive condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the renal arteries or veins. It can be coded as malignant, benign, or unspecified and includes:
    1. Renal artery occlusion: Blockage of arteries carrying blood to the kidneys.
    2. Renal vein thrombosis: Clots in one or both renal veins.
    3. Renal atheroembolism: Fatty materials block the renal arterioles.
  • Calculi (stones) are reported by location: kidney (N20.0) and ureter (N20.1); kidney with ureter (N20.2); or lower urinary tract (N21). Prostatic calcification is coded as N42.0.
  • Impaired renal tubular function (N25) can result from conditions like renal osteodystrophy and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and may lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism and hypokalemic nephropathy.
  • Diabetes insipidus causes renal impairment through excessive urination, either due to inadequate amounts of antidiuretic hormone (central diabetes insipidus, E23.2) or failure of the kidney to respond to the antidiuretic hormone (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, N25.1).
  • Hyperparathyroidism is an excessive level of parathyroid hormone in the body, leading to increased bone reabsorption, decreased new bone formation, and decreased bone mass (renal osteodystrophy-N25.0).
  • Small kidney (N27) may be unilateral or bilateral, resulting from congenital dysplasia, blockage in drainage (reflux nephropathy), severe kidney infection (pyelonephritis), decreased blood supply to the kidney, or glomerulonephritis.
  • Category N28 kidney disorders include nephroptosis, hypertrophy of the kidney, kidney cysts, strictures of the kidney and ureter, hydroureter, postural proteinuria, vesicoureteral reflux, vascular disorders of the kidney, ureteral fistula, and other unspecified disorders of the kidney and ureter.
Other Diseases of Urinary System (N30-N39)
  • Cystitis (N30) is inflammation of the bladder, usually due to a UTI, and can be classified as acute, chronic, interstitial, and trigonitis. Interstitial cystitis (painful bladder syndrome) is a chronic inflammation with an unknown cause, often resulting in urinary frequency.
  • Voiding disorders (N32) affect normal urination functions and include bladder neck obstruction, bladder diverticulum, neurogenic bladder, and detrusor instability. Urinary incontinence is a common voiding disorder. Types of incontinence include:
    • Urge incontinence
    • Stress incontinence
    • Overflow incontinence
    • Functional incontinence
    • Mixed incontinence
  • Urinary tract infection (UTI) (N39) is a bacterial infection affecting any part of the urinary tract, presenting with dysuria, frequency, urgency, painful urination, and cloudy urine. Use an additional code to report the organism, such as E. Coli.
Diseases of the Male Genital Organs (N40-N53)
Prostate
  • Benign hyperplasia of the prostate (BPH) (N40-) is a benign enlargement caused by excessive growth of prostatic nodules.
  • Enlargement can compress the urethra, causing urinary hesitancy, frequency, dysuria, urinary retention, and increased risk of UTIs, referred to as LUTS (lower urinary tract symptoms).
  • Prostatitis (N41) is an inflammation of the prostate gland, usually because of infection, and can be acute or chronic. Elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may indicate prostate cancer and should be monitored. Elevated PSA without a diagnosis of cancer should be coded as an abnormal finding.
  • Dysplasia of the prostate is an abnormality of shape and size of the tissues and can be a pre-malignant condition. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia III (PIN III) is coded as D07.5 Carcinoma in situ of prostate. General dysplasia is coded as N42.3- (with a 5th character to further define the dysplasia).
  • Carcinoma in situ means the cancer is contained and has not spread.
Spermatic Cord, Testis, Tunica Vaginalis, Epididymis
  • Hydrocele (N43) is an accumulation of serous fluid in a sac-like cavity, especially the spermatic cord, testis, or tunica vaginalis. Encysted hydrocele describes a cyst above the testis. When an infection is noted, an additional code is used to report the infecting organism.
  • Orchitis (N45) is an inflammation of the testis caused by trauma, ischemia, metastasis, mumps, or a secondary infection. Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, usually because of infection or trauma. When orchitis or epididymitis is present due to another disease, the underlying disease is coded first.
Penis
  • Phimosis is a stricture, stenosis, or narrowing of the preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back over the glans penis. Phimosis (N47.1) and balanitis (N48.1) are common diagnoses reported when a circumcision is performed on an adult. Routine infant circumcision is coded as Z41.2 unless there is a medical reason.
  • Male infertility codes are listed within category N46 and include Azoospermia and oligospermia, and extratesticular causes of infertility.
  • Penile disorders coded in category N48 include leukoplakia of penis, balanoposthitis, other inflammatory disorders of penis and priapism, vascular disorders, edema, impotence, and Peyronie's disease.
Congenital Malformations of Male Genital Organs (Q50-Q56)
  • The most common congenital problems of the penis are hypospadias and epispadias, which are abnormal urethral meatus.
  • In hypospadias, the urethral meatus is on the underside of the penis, while in epispadias, it is on the upper side.
Neoplasms
  • Genitourinary cancer diagnoses are found within the Neoplasm chapter of ICD-10-CM and are specific to the anatomy of the organ. The Table of Neoplasms is used to select codes to describe primary and secondary (metastatic) tumors, Ca in situ, and tumors of unspecified behavior.
  • Uncertain behavior neoplasm codes should only be reported when the pathologist has documented the tissue has characteristics of several different diseases, or when it is described as hypoplasia or pre-cancerous. It should also be coded when the specific morphology indicates that the neoplasm is of uncertain behavior.
  • Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer and includes clear cell, papillary, chromophobe, and collecting duct carcinomas.
  • Bladder cancer types include:
    • Transitional cell bladder cancer
    • Squamous cell bladder cancer
    • Adenocarcinoma
  • Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men in the United States, with screening recommended for men over 50.
  • Testicular cancer types include germ cell tumors and stromal tumors.
  • Penile cancer types include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, basal cell, and sarcoma.
Injuries
  • Injuries to the genitourinary organs are located in the Injury, Poisoning, and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes section (S30-S39) for injuries of the kidney and pelvic organs and subcategory $39 for injuries of external genitalia.
  • This section includes Complications of Surgical and Medical Care, Not Elsewhere Classified (T80-T88), such as inflammation and infection and mechanical complications of genitourinary devices.
Signs, Symptoms, and III-Defined Conditions
  • Symptoms, Signs, and Abnormal Clinical and Laboratory Findings, Not Elsewhere Classified (R00-R99), include subcategories Symptoms and Signs Involving the Genitourinary System (R30-R39), Symptoms and Signs Involving the Digestive System and Abdomen (R10-19), and symptoms involving male genital organs (N40-N53).
  • R68.89 is appropriate for an abnormal digital rectal exam.
  • Z12.5 Encounter for screening for malignant neoplasm of prostate may also be documented.

CPT Coding

Urinary System (50010-53899)
  • The Urinary System section of CPT includes procedures on the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
  • Some code descriptors specifically state unilateral or bilateral. If procedures do not state "bilateral," and the procedure is performed on both the right and left sides, modifier 50, or RT and LT modifiers will need to be added.
  • Within the Urinary System, bilateral services may be billed for procedures on the kidneys and ureters only. The bladder and urethra are singular structures.
  • Use of an operating microscope is not included with many of these codes and should be reported separately using CPT 69990.
  • A surgical endoscopy always includes any diagnostic endoscopy performed at the same session; diagnostic endoscopy should not be reported with a surgical endoscopy.
Kidney Procedures
Incision
  • Procedures described as "-otomy" (e.g., pyelonephrotomy) are typically coded with incision codes for the specific location.
  • Incision codes include stent and catheter insertions.
  • Treatment for renal abscess or renal stone extraction may require a nephrostomy tube to be placed. If performed under CT guidance, report CPT 75989 in addition to the appropriate code for the tube placement.
  • Percutaneous removal of stones is coded based on whether it is simple or complex and includes imaging guidance when performed. In most cases, the nephrostomy tube has been placed during a previous surgical setting.
  • Append modifier 26 to imaging guidance codes when a procedure is performed by a provider in a facility setting. If the procedure is performed in the physician's office, modifier 26 is not required.
  • Nephrotomy is an incision into the kidney (50045), while pyelotomy relates to the renal pelvis.
  • When renal stones are removed from the renal pelvis, code 50130 is reported.
  • When reporting incision procedures of the ureter, 50610-50630 are location specific regarding the ureterolithotomy (e.g., 50610 upper one-third of the ureter; 50620 middle one-third of the ureter; and 50630 lower one-third of the ureter).
  • Stent insertion codes within this category are "open" procedures and do not include cystoscope for stent placement. When stents are inserted via cystoscopy, report 52332.
Excision
  • Use care when reporting 50650 Ureterectomy with bladder cuff (separate procedure). Services listed as "separate procedures" are an integral component of another service or procedure and should not be reported in addition to the code for which it is considered an integral component.
  • Bladder aspiration codes (51100-51102) are reported under the heading "removal," and include aspiration by needle, trocar, or catheter.
  • Also included in this section are the codes for insertion of a suprapubic catheter (51102). In 51040, the physician places the catheter through an open incision in the bladder, while in 51102, a suprapubic catheter is placed in the bladder through the skin, but without an open incision into the bladder.
  • Aurachal cyst is the remnant of bladder development that attaches from the bladder to the umbilicus. Excision of urachal cyst or sinus, with or without umbilical hernia repair, is reported with 51500.
  • Cystectomy (bladder removal) is described using 51550-51596. The codes are designated as partial or complete. During these procedures, it is necessary to divert urine from the ureters to either an opening in the skin (ureterostomy), or to a sigmoid (51590) or neobladder (51596). A bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection is included with all the cystectomy procedures except creation of the neobladder. If bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection is performed with creation of the neobladder, it should be reported separately (38770).
  • CPT 51597 is a procedure where the physician removes the bladder, lower ureters, lymph nodes, urethra, prostate (if applicable), colon, and rectum due to a vesical, prostatic, or urethral malignancy. This code is used only when the need for the excision is related to a lower urinary tract or male genital malignancy, and not for gynecological or intestinal malignancy.
Repair
  • Ureteral repair often is performed for stricture (obstruction), inflammatory disease, injury, or for repositioning or reconnection (anastomosis). When the ureter is divided and repositioned, the description will state "-ostomy" as a suffix.
  • Creation of a ureteral conduit (50820) is a procedure that diverts the flow of urine through an opening of the skin. When creation of a diversion is performed with removal of the bladder (cystectomy), see code 51596. Continent diversion codes include harvesting a piece of intestine to create the diversion and reconnection of the remaining bowel (intestinal anastomosis); intestinal anastomosis should not be coded separately.
Introduction
  • Ureteral stents are either indwelling or externally accessible. There are separate CPT codes for placement of indwelling stents or externally accessible stents, and for stent removal or removal with replacement. Services are reported with different codes based on the approach (percutaneous or transurethral). The codes in this series are for stent placement without cystoscopy.
  • Injection or insertion procedures of the bladder often are performed in an office or minor procedure suite. These codes include catheter changes (51702-51703); suprapubic catheter changes (51705-51710); and bladder irrigation and/or instillation procedures (51700). If a separately, identifiable evaluation and management (E/M) service is performed on the same day as one of these procedures, append modifier 25 to the E/M code.
Laparoscopy
  • Laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive surgical technique performed through small incisions. CPT laparoscopy codes are reported for procedures performed on the kidney, ureter, and bladder.
Endoscopy
  • Endoscopy includes a rigid or flexible tube, a light delivery system, and a lens system to transmit the image from the scope. Other procedures of kidney. Renal transplantation codes (50300-50380) are divided into renal autotransplantation and renal allotransplantation. For renal allotransplantation, report at least three CPT codes: cadaver or living donor nephrectomy, backbench work, and recipient renal allotransplantation.
  • Lithotripsy, extracorporeal shock wave (ESWL) (50590). A ureteral stent may be placed to assist with the evacuation of the stones.
  • Percutaneous ablation of renal tumor(s) (50592) uses radiofrequencies under CT, MRI, or ultrasound guidance.
  • Percutaneous cryotherapy ablation of renal tumor(s) (50593) differs from the radiofrequency ablation in that a cryoprobe is also performed using CT, MRI, or ultrasound guidance.
Urodynamics
  • Urodynamics (51725-51798) codes have both a professional and technical component. Append modifier 26 if the equipment is owned by and the service performed in a facility location. Urodynamics studies assess the bladder, urethra, and associated nerves and muscles for appropriate functioning. A cystometrogram (CMG) measures how much fluid the bladder can hold, how much pressure builds up inside the bladder, how full it is when you feel the urge to urinate, and whether the bladder can be emptied completely. CMG procedures are described using CPT codes 51725-51729. The code for voiding pressure studies is 51797. Uroflometry (51736-51741), commonly called uroflow, measures the amount of urine and the flow rate. Electromyography (EMG) studies (51784-51785) measure the electrical activity associated with the bladder during filling and emptying. Measurement of post-void residual is described in CPT 51798.
Endoscopy-Cystoscopy, Urethroscopy, Cystourethroscopy (52000-52442)
  • Codes in this section also include procedures of the ureter, pelvis, vesical (bladder) neck, and prostate.
  • Cystoscopy procedures are organized according to urethra and bladder, ureter and renal pelvis, and bladder neck and prostate. Cystourethroscopy (52000) is a diagnostic cystoscopy. Non-endoscopic ureteral catheterization is described with 52005, which does not include visualization of the ureter. The insertion of a ureteral catheter should not be confused with the insertion of an indwelling ureteral stent(s) (52332). A stent exchange is coded 52332. If a stent exchange is performed, the removal of the initial stent (52310) is not coded.
  • Code 52204 is reported when biopsy tissue is extracted from the bladder or urethra. Fulguration is destruction of tissue by using high-frequency electric current. Code 52224 is used for treatment of bladder lesion(s) measuring less than 0.5 cm and includes a biopsy if performed. Codes 52234-52240 are used for cystourethroscopy transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) with fulguration and/or resection. Code 52204 Cystourethroscopy, with biopsy(s) is included in codes 52234-52240 and is not reported separately. Codes 52234-52240 are also based on the size of the tumor removed and only reported once, regardless of the number of tumors removed.
  • Vesical neck and prostate procedures include the transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and laser procedures of the prostate. For instance, GreenLight laser of the prostate is reported with 52648. Transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT) is reported with 53850.
Procedures of the Urethra
  • Treatments for urethral strictures are listed as manipulation codes (53600-53665). These codes are selected based upon the type of dilation, patient's gender, and if anesthesia was used. Initial or subsequent dilation is described separately.
Male Genital System (54000-55899)
  • The Male Genital System section of CPT includes procedures on the penis, testis, epididymis, tunica vaginalis, scrotum, vas deferens, spermatic cord, seminal vesicles, and prostate.
Incision
  • There are no "incision" codes for the testis. These services are described in the Epididymis subsection.
  • Incision of the vas deferens (55200) usually is performed to obtain a sample of semen or to test the patency of the tubes. A prostate biopsy (needle or punch, single or multiple, any approach) is reported using 55700 and may require imaging guidance. If imaging guidance is used, report 76942 in addition.
Excision
  • Vasectomy usually is performed for birth control and is reported with 55250. The codes for prostatectomy procedures are determined by the approach and whether lymph node biopsy or dissection was performed (55801-55867).
Repair
  • Transplantation of testis(es) to the thigh (54680) is performed because of scrotal destruction. Plastic operations performed on the penis for straightening or hypospadias repair are reported with 54300-54440. Codes 54400-54417 describe services for insertion or removal of penile prostheses. Vasectomy reversal procedures are reported with 55400; if performed bilaterally, modifier 50 should be appended. Epididymovasostomy, or anastomosis of epididymis to vas deferens (54900), is performed when an obstruction of the flow of spermatozoa from the epididymis to the vas deferens occurs.
  • Other Procedures of Male Genital System services for excision or destruction of lesions on the skin generally are coded in the Integumentary System; in the penis section of CPT, there are codes for lesion excision under the Destruction of Penis Lesions: Multiple Methods subsection (54050-54065). Foreskin manipulation is reported with 54450. Radiation treatment for prostate cancer may require the surgeon to place needles, catheters, or interstitial devices for radiation therapy (55875-55876).

HCPCS Level II

  • HCPCS Level II codes used for urological procedures primarily describe supplies and drugs, including catheters, irrigation trays, and drugs to treat prostate cancer and decreased testosterone levels. The most common HCPCS Level II codes used for urological procedures include codes for catheter supplies (A4310 -A4360), chemotherapy injections for prostate cancer (J3315, 19217-19218), and testosterone injections for decreased testosterone J1071.
Modifiers
  • Modifiers are used to report or indicate that a service or procedure has been altered by some specific circumstance.
  • Modifier 22 Increased procedural services
  • Modifier 26 Professional component
  • Modifiers 50 Bilateral procedure, RT Right Side, and LT Left Side
  • Modifier 51 Multiple procedures
  • Modifier 52 Reduced services
  • Modifier 53 Discontinued procedure
  • Modifier 58 Staged or related procedure or service by the same physician or other qualified healthcare professional during the postoperative period
  • Modifier 59 Distinct procedural service
  • Modifier 76 Repeat procedure or service by the same physician or other qualified healthcare professional
  • Modifier 78 Unplanned return to the operating/procedure room following the initial procedure for a related procedure during the postoperative period
  • Modifier 79 Unrelated procedure or service by the same physician or other qualified healthcare professional during the postoperative period

Glossary

  • Anuria-Suppression, cessation, or failure of the kidneys to secrete urine.
  • Azoospermia-Failure of the development of sperm or the absence of sperm in semen; one of the most common factors in male infertility.
  • Balanoposthitis-Inflammation and/or infection of the glans penis and prepuce.
  • Brachytherapy-Form of radiation therapy in which radioactive pellets or seeds are implanted directly into the tissue being treated to deliver their dose of radiation in a more directed fashion.
  • Calculus-Abnormal, stone-like concretion of calcium, cholesterol, mineral salts, or other substances that forms in any part of the body.
  • Chordee-Ventral (downward) curvature of the penis due to a fibrous band along the corpus spongiosum seen congenitally with hypospadias, or a downward curvature seen on erection in disease conditions causing a lack of distensibility in the tissues.
  • Chronic Interstitial Cystitis-Persistently inflamed lesion of the bladder wall, usually accompanied by urinary frequency, pain, nocturia, and a distended bladder.
  • Circumcise-Circular cutting around the penis to remove the prepuce or foreskin.
  • Condyloma-Infectious tumor-like growth caused by the human papilloma virus, with a branding connective tissue core and epithelial covering that occurs on the skin and mucous membranes of the perianal region and external genitalia.
  • Cystitis-Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
  • Cystitis Cystica-Inflammation of the bladder characterized by the formation of multiple cysts.
  • Cystocele-Herniation of the bladder into the vagina.
  • Cystostomy-Formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the bladder.
  • Cystotomy-Surgical incision into the urinary bladder or gallbladder.
  • Dysuria-Painful urination.
  • Epididymis-Coiled tube on the back of the testis that is the site of sperm maturation and storage and where spermatozoa are propelled into the vas deferens toward the ejaculatory duct by contraction of smooth muscle.
  • Epididymo-orchitis-Inflammation of the testes and epididymis.
  • Epispadias-Male anomaly in which the urethral opening is abnormally located on the dorsum of the penis, appearing as a groove with no upper urethral wall covering.
  • Extrophy of Bladder-Congenital anomaly occurring when the bladder everts itself, or turns inside out, through an absent part of the lower abdominal and anterior bladder walls with incomplete closure of the pubic bone.
  • Foley Catheter-Temporary indwelling urethral catheter held in place in the bladder by an inflated balloon containing fluid or air.
  • Hematospermia-Blood in the seminal fluid, often caused by inflammation of the prostate or seminal vesicles, or prostate cancer.
  • Hematuria-Blood in the urine, which may present as gross visible blood or as the presence of red blood cells visible only under a microscope.
  • Horseshoe Kidney-Congenital anomaly in which the kidneys are fused together at the lower end during fetal development, resulting in one large, horseshoe-shaped kidney, often associated with candovascular central nervous system, or genitourinary anomalies
  • Hydronephrosis-Distention of the kidney caused by an accumulation of urine that cammer flow out due to an obstruction may be caused by conditions such as kidney smes or vesicoureteral reflux
  • Hychoureter-Abnormal enlargement or distension of the ureter with water or amine caused by an obstruction.
  • Hiperpicsic-Abnormal proliferation in the number of normal cells in regular tissue arrangement.
  • Hypospadics-Fairly common birth defect in males in which the meatus, or urinary opening, is abnormally positioned on the underside of the penile shaft or in the perineum, requiring early surgical correction.
  • Incontinence-involuntary escape of urine.
  • Impotence-Psychosexual or organic dysfunction in which there is partial or complete failure to attain or maintain erection until completion of the sexual act
  • Lithotripsy-Destruction of calcified substances (eg, stones! calculi) in the gallbladder or urinary system by fragmenting the concretion into small particles to be washed out. This may be done by surgicall or noninvasive methods, such as focused sound waves or ultrasound
  • Lumen-The space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube.
  • Mectus-Opening or passage into the body.
  • Nephrostomy-Placement of a stent, tube, or catheter to form a passage from the exterior of the body into the renal pelvis or calyx, often for drainage of urine or an abscess, for exploration, or calculus extraction.
  • Neurogenic Bladder-Dysfunctional bladder due to a central ar peripheral nervous system lesion that may result in incontinence, residual urine retention, infection, stones, and renal failure
  • Noctumal Enuresis-Bed wetting.
  • Oligospermia-Insufficient production of sperm in semen, a common factor in male infertility.
  • Orchiectomy-Surgical removal of one or both testicles via a scrotal or groin incision, indicated in cases of cancer, traumatic injury, and sex reassignment surgery.
  • Potency-State of a tube-like structure or conduit being open and unobstructed.
  • Perineal-Pertaining to the pelvic floor area between the thighs the diamond- shaped area