biology yr 12

photosynthesis - light-independent reaction(second reaction) - NADPH and ATP are needed for the light-independent reaction to proceed. light-independent reactions also happen in the chloroplast more specifically in stroma.
the stroma is a fluid outside of the thylakoids. in light-independent reaction, carbon dioxide is taken in, and enters through pores, often on the bottom of leaves called stromata. plants can open and close their stromata. the carbon that enters the stromata is fixed. the co2 combines with a 5c compound(RuBP) with the help of an enzyme (RuBP carboxylase). this forms a 6c compound which breaks down into 3c. using ATP and NADPH these 3c compounds are converted to GALP, for every 6 GALP-5 are converted to RuBP and get recycled- 1 is used to form glucose.

enzymes - most enzymes are proteins, they have a specifically shaped area called an active site, where substrates bond.
an induced fit happens, where an enzyme builds up or breaks down substrate to bind perfectly with the substrate, the resulting item is called a product.
enzymes speed up reactions.
enzymes are catalysts because they can be used over and over again in a reaction.
digestive system has enzymes- lipase(breaks down lipids), amylase(breaks down starch,protease(breaks down proteins)

Enzymes - the rate of reaction - different enzymes have different ideal pH and temp ranges. if the environment changes to an environment that is not the enzyme’s ideal pH or temperature range, the enzyme will denature. when the enzyme is denatured it cant bond to the substrate and can’t work properly

enzymes - cofactors, coenzyme, and comp and non-comp inhibitors - enzymes tend to have cofactors(inorganic) and coenzymes(organic), cofactors and coenzymes can be either temporary or permanent, depending on how they’re bonded. if and coenzyme or cofactor is bonded to the active site of an enzyme helping the enzyme bond to the substrate so it can work at its best.
there are also competitive and non-competitive inhibitors. competitive inhibitors sit in the active site of an enzyme, the substrate then has to compete against the competitive inhibitor to bond. non-competitive inhibitors bond to another area of the enzyme (not active site) non-competitive binding to an enzyme causes the enzyme shape to change, making it difficult for the substrate to bond to the active site, if substrate still binds to the enzyme's active site, it will still not function well.
inhibitors can be helpful or harmful- the body uses inhibitors to control the body with feedback inhibition

cells - there are two types of cells- procaryotes(bacteria) and eukaryotes(plants animals, etc).
both cells have cytoplasm, cell membrane, and DNA.
Prokaryotes have no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotes do

cellular respiration- equation - C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + atp

cellular respiration- cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis instead of making glucose it breaks down glucose to make ATP, plants are capable of both.
cells take a lot of energy for active transport and use ATP as an energy currency. all cells are capable of making ATP,

Photosynthesis formula - 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide + water --> glucose + oxygen

photosynthesis-light-dependant reaction(first reaction) - In light-dependant reactions, light is captured and used to split water, oxygen is released as a water product, and NADP, NADPH, picks up hydrogen. light energy is used to produce ATP.

photosynthesis process- little definition - plants unlike animals can’t eat food and have to produce their food (glucose) by using a process called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis plants capture light, through molecules called pigments, a pigment plants commonly use to capture light is chlorophyll, chlorophyll reflects green light and is good at absorbing red and blue light, which is why many plants appear green to our eyes.
photosynthesis has two main reactions- light-dependent and light-independent.

Anaerobic respiration - occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly than aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration in microorganisms is called fermentation.

Aerobic Respiration - is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food. This type of respiration is common in most plants, animals, birds, humans, and other mammals. In this process, water and carbon dioxide are produced as end products.