Y10 SEM1: HUM EXAM CHEAT SHEET

💰 ECONOMICS (25 min)

🎯 Economy targets (memorise numbers)

  • GDP growth: 2-4%

  • Inflation: 2-3%

  • Unemployment: 4-5%

👉 Think: 3⃣ 2⃣ 4⃣

📈 Business cycle

Economy constantly moves between:

Expansion (growth) → Peak → Contraction (slowdown) → Recovery

🌏 Macroeconomics

Study of the economy as a whole.

Purpose:

  • make predictions

  • reduce uncertainty

  • improve decisions

📊 3 indicators of economic performance

Economic growth

  • Is the economy producing more goods/services?

Unemployment

  • How many people can't find work?

Inflation

  • Are prices rising too quickly?

💵 GDP

GDP = total value of goods & services produced in Australia in one year.

Purpose:

  • measure economic performance

  • track growth

  • compare living standards

GDP per capita

GDP ÷ population

Shows average output per person.

⚠ GDP limitations

GDP doesn't measure:

  • wellbeing

  • unpaid work

  • environmental damage

📈 Sustainable growth

Economic growth should:

  • create jobs

  • increase incomes

  • improve living standards

  • not harm future generations

Target = 2-4%

👷 Unemployment types

Frictional

  • between jobs

Structural

  • skills no longer needed

Cyclical

  • economy slows down

Seasonal

  • only needed certain times of year

🏷 Inflation

Inflation = increase in prices of goods/services.

Healthy economy = small inflation (2-3%)

Measured by:

  • ABS

  • CPI

Causes

Demand-pull

  • too much demand

Cost-push

  • higher business costs

Effects

  • lower purchasing power

  • higher interest rates

  • more inequality

🏢 Business responses

During downturn

  • reduce output

  • cut costs

  • increase promotions

  • innovate

During boom

  • increase output

  • hire workers

  • increase promotions

  • innovate

✊ HISTORY (25 min)

🌍 United Nations

Created:

  • 1945

  • after WWII

Purpose:

  • prevent future wars

  • promote peace

  • encourage cooperation

📜 UDHR (1948)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Key ideas:

  • everyone is free and equal

  • everyone has the right to be safe

  • no discrimination

🇺🇸 US CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

👦 Emmett Till (1955)

  • 14 years old

  • murdered in Mississippi

Significance:

  • open casket exposed racism

  • shocked America

  • helped spark movement

🚌 Rosa Parks (1955)

  • refused to give up bus seat

  • started Montgomery Bus Boycott

🚍 Montgomery Bus Boycott (1956)

  • lasted 381 days

  • peaceful protest

  • major success

🗣 Martin Luther King Jr

  • non-violent protest

  • "I Have a Dream" (1963)

🏫 Little Rock Nine (1957)

  • 9 African American students

  • integrated a white school

Significance:

  • violent opposition

  • Eisenhower sent troops

🇦🇺 INDIGENOUS RIGHTS MOVEMENT

🖤 Before 1960s

Indigenous Australians:

  • not counted in census

  • limited voting rights

  • segregation existed

📅 KEY DATES (VERY HIGH YIELD)

1938 → Day of Mourning

Equal rights protest.

Leaders:

  • William Cooper

  • William Ferguson

  • Jack Patten

1962 → Right to vote

Federal voting rights granted.

1963 → Bark Petition

  • Yolngu protested mining

  • first Aboriginal document recognised by Parliament

1965 → Freedom Rides

  • led by Charles Perkins

  • exposed racism in NSW

1966 → Gurindji Strike

  • Wave Hill station

  • land rights protest

1967 → Referendum

Over 90% voted YES.

Allowed:

  • Indigenous Australians counted in census

  • Federal government could make laws

1992 → Mabo Decision

  • rejected terra nullius

  • recognised Indigenous land rights

1997 → Bring Them Home Report

Investigated Stolen Generations.

2008 → National Apology

Kevin Rudd apologised.

🤝 Reconciliation

Building respectful relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.

Goal:

  • address past injustices

  • create a fairer future

🌏 GEOGRAPHY (25 min)

🌍 Core ideas

Climate change

Long-term weather changes caused mainly by greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse effect

Gases trap heat in Earth's atmosphere.

Global warming

Increase in Earth's temperature.

Mitigation

Reduce causes of climate change.

Adaptation

Adjust to climate impacts.

Sustainability

Meet current needs without harming future generations.

🌊 KAKADU CASE STUDY

🏛 POLITICS & LAW (25 min)

🇦🇺 Foundations

Democracy

A system of govt where citizens vote & have a say.

Constitution

A set of rules/laws that explains how Aus’s govt operates.

Rule of law

Nobody is above the law, including the government.

Federalism

Power shared between federal + state governments.

Electoral system

The process Australians use to vote members into Parliament.

⚖ 3 branches

Legislative

Makes laws.

Executive

Applies laws.

Judiciary

Interprets laws.

🏛 Bicameral parliament

House of Representatives

  • forms government

  • introduces laws

Senate

  • reviews laws

  • represents states

⚖ Separation of powers

Government powers divided between branches.

Purpose:

  • prevent abuse of power

  • increase accountability

📍 Division of powers

Exclusive

Federal only.

Examples:

  • defence

  • immigration

  • currency

Concurrent

Shared.

Examples:

  • education

  • healthcare

⚠ Threats to democracy

  • populism

  • terrorism

  • misinformation/disinformation

  • distrust & indifference

  • foreign interference

  • vested interests

🛡 Safeguards

Universal suffrage

Everyone can vote.

Shared democratic values

Freedom, equality, respect, fairness.

Right to dissent

Peacefully disagree with government.

High Court

Protects Constitution and prevents abuse of power.