Ecology Oct. 7th

Continuous growth of human populations has significantly impacted natural resources and ecosystems.
Current global human population is over 8.1 billion and has doubled since the 1960s.
Rapid growth in energy consumption and resource use:
- From the Industrial Revolution to present, human population has quadrupled.
- Energy consumption has increased by nearly 100 times over the same period.

Human population growth has accelerated since the Industrial Revolution:
- First billion reached in the 1800s.
- Currently adding a billion people every 13 years.
- Graphical representation shows technology's impact on growth rates, with noted periods of population decline due to events like the plague.

Population growth rate is slowing but remains around 1.18% per year.
Future estimates suggest a potential population of 9-10 billion in 25 years.
The concept of carrying capacity (the number of individuals an environment can sustain indefinitely) is crucial in discussing population limits. Exceeding K can lead to resource depletion and environmental degradation.

Each individual has an ecological footprint, representing the amount of productive area required to support their resource use:
- Food production requires land, transportation, processing, and can generate pollution.
- Components typically include cropland, grazing land, forest land, fishing grounds, and built-up land, as well as carbon footprint for energy consumption.
Estimates suggest Earth can support 4.5 billion people indefinitely under current living conditions.
- North America: Can support around 1 billion given its higher per capita resource consumption.
- India: Higher carrying capacity of approximately 14 billion due to lower resource use and different lifestyle patterns.

Population growth is influenced by:
- Birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration.
Types of growth:
- Exponential Growth: Continuous increase in population, overlapping generations (e.g., humans), often seen in unlimited resource environments.
- Geometric Growth: Discrete time periods where populations reproduce (e.g., annual plants, insects with distinct breeding seasons).

Geometric Growth Rate ( $\lambda$ ):
- Defined by the equation: $\text{Future Population} = \text{Current Population} \times \lambda$
- For \lambda > 1, the population grows; for $\lambda = 1$ , it remains stable; for \lambda < 1, the population declines.
- The geometric growth rate measures the factor by which the population multiplies itself per discrete time interval.

Reindeer in Alaska: Introduced population of 25 increased to over 2,000 in 27 years with a $\lambda$ of approximately 1.18, demonstrating rapid initial growth in a new environment.
Bacteria: Can double every 30 minutes, highlighting exponential potential growth under ideal conditions, where $\lambda = 2$ for each 30-minute interval.

Density-Dependent Factors: Variables that affect population growth based on population density;
- Increased competition leads to higher mortality and lower birth rates (e.g., song sparrow populations, where clutch size decreases with higher density).
- Examples include food availability affecting young production, predation, disease, and territoriality.
Density-Independent Factors: Variables that affect population regardless of density;
- Weather patterns, natural disasters (e.g., floods, fires), and habitat destruction.
- Example: Thrips populations driven by weather conditions, where extreme temperatures or rainfall can reduce population size irrespective of how many thrips are present.

Understanding the age structure of populations is critical for predicting growth:
- Human populations have diverse age distributions affecting growth potential; a large proportion of young individuals indicates future growth potential.
- Example: Nigeria (young population with a broad base in age pyramids, indicating high birth rates and future growth) vs. Japan (aging population with a narrow base, indicating low birth rates and potential population decline).

Different organisms exhibit different survivorship curves:
- Type I (K-selected): Long life span, rapid decline after a certain age due to senescence (e.g., humans, large mammals).
- Type II (Intermediate): Constant survival rates throughout life (e.g., some birds, small mammals).
- Type III (r-selected): High mortality early on, with few individuals surviving to old age (e.g., barnacles, plants, fish).
Life tables track survival and reproduction rates across ages, informing population projections and identifying vulnerable life stages.

Useful for managing endangered populations and pest species by focusing conservation efforts on critical life stages or controlling factors affecting growth:
- Example: Sea turtles require focus on juvenile/adult survival rather than just hatchlings, as juvenile and adult survival has a greater impact on population recovery.
- Conservation strategies should prioritize factors with the most significant impact on population growth, often identified through population modeling.

Format: 36 multiple-choice questions in 50 minutes.
Content will include use of examples to support concepts, equations, and understanding growth dynamics, particularly in human contexts.
Review studied concepts carefully in preparation, including previous lectures and tutorial discussions.