Reproductive wk 12

Male Reproductive System

Anatomy

  • Scrotum and Testes:

    • Testes are sperm-producing male gonads located within the scrotum.

    • Scrotum:

      • Sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity.

      • Maintains a temperature approximately 3°C lower than core body temperature, essential for sperm production.

  • Penis:

    • Male copulatory organ consisting of the root and shaft, ending in the glans penis.

Male Duct System

  • Sperm is delivered to the body exterior through a system of ducts:

    • Epididymis

    • Ductus deferens (vas deferens)

    • Ejaculatory duct

    • Urethra

Male Accessory Glands and Semen

  • Accessory Sex Glands: Seminal glands (seminal vesicles), prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands.

    • Seminal Glands (Seminal Vesicles): Produce seminal fluid, which comprises 70% of semen volume.

    • Prostate: Secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Plays a role in sperm activation and makes up 1/3 of semen volume.

    • Semen: Milky-white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions containing fructose for ATP production. Antibiotic chemicals destroy some bacteria. Alkaline fluid neutralizes acidity.

Spermatogenesis

  • Spermatogenesis: Production of sperm (spermatozoa) in the seminiferous tubules.

Regulation

  • Male reproductive function is regulated by hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, and testicular hormones.

Female Reproductive System

Anatomy

  • Ovaries: Female gonads that produce female gametes (ova) and secrete estrogen and progesterone. Immature eggs develop in follicles of ovaries.

  • Female Duct System: It includes the uterine tubes, uterus, vagina. Identify their location, structure, and function.

    • Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes or Oviducts): Receive ovulated oocyte and are the usual site of fertilization.

    • Uterus: Hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes the fertilized ovum.

    • Vagina: Thin-walled tube that functions as the birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation.

  • External Genitalia: External sex organs.

    • Mons pubis

    • Labia majora

    • Labia minora

    • Vestibule: The recess within the labia minora.

  • Mammary Glands: Present in both males and females, but normally function only in females to produce milk for newborns. The mammary glands produce milk.

Oogenesis

  • Oogenesis: Production of female gametes which begins in the fetal period.

The Ovarian Cycle

  • Ovarian Cycle: Series of events associated with egg maturation (approximately 28 days).

    • Follicular Phase: Period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1-14).

    • Luteal Phase: Period of corpus luteum activity (days 14–28).

Regulation of Female Reproductive System

  • Female reproductive function is regulated by hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, and ovarian hormones.