Marine Bio Final

organism that filters small particles from water to get its food Filter Feeder an animal that feeds on organic matter that settles on the bottom Deposit Feeder The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female External Fertilization An animal that feeds on particles suspended in the water Suspension Feeder fertilization of an egg by sperm that occurs inside the body of a female Internal Fertilization external skeleton; tough external covering that protects and supports the body of many invertebrates Exoskeleton an elongated and extensible sucking mouthpart that helps capture food Proboscis A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents Sexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. Parthenogenesis intremediate stage that is seperate from the adult phase Larval Stage internal skeleton or supporting framework in an animal Endoskeleton A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size Binary Fission A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals. Fragmentation Describes an organism that remains attached to a surface for its entire life and does not move Sessile an organism that has both male and female reproductive organs Hermaphrodite Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism Budding The ability to regrow a missing part of the body Regeneration A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. Asexual Reproduction What is the economic importance of horseshoe crabs to humans? (2 correct answers) Their blood is used to create LAL, an important chemical for testing the sterility of medical devices Which habitat is the location of Phaeophyta? Mid-depths, often rocky coastlines Which habitat is the location of Chlorophyta? Shallowest depths, often freshwater Which habitat is the location of Rhodophyta? Deepest waters This diagram depicts macroscopic algae. Which term describes structure D? Holdfast This diagram depicts macroscopic algae. Which term describes structure C? Stipe This diagram depicts macroscopic algae. Which term describes structure B? Air bladder This diagram depicts macroscopic algae. Which term describes structure A? Blade What structural differences exist between plants and algae? All of the above The diagram shows the life cycle of jellies. The arrow pointing away from C represents which type of reproduction? Asexual (budding) The diagram shows the life cycle of jellies. The arrow pointing between B and A represents which type of reproduction? Sexual The diagram shows the life cycle of jellies. Which step best describes C? Polyp The diagram shows the life cycle of jellies. Which step best describes B? Medusa The diagram shows the life cycle of jellies. Which step best describes A? Egg Which characteristic of sea otters helps them maintain their body temperatures? Thick and dense fur What is the function of the spermaceti in sperm whales? Echolocation Whales in the suborder Mysticeti have which structure instead of teeth? Baleen What makes phocid seals different than other types of seals? They do not have external ears Which structure in the mammal mothers produces secretions for feeding their young? Mammary gland Which structure do sea birds that frequently engage in active flight have? Large wings What do marine iguanas eat? Seaweed (they are herbivores) Which of the following marine organisms must return to land to breed? Sea birds, sea turtles, pinnipeds Which marine mammals use blubber for insulation? Cetaceans, sirenians, pinnipeds What is the purpose of a vaccine? It trains your body's immune system to more quickly attack the pathogen, allowing for symptoms to be blocked and recovery to be faster Which environmental factors would lead to the quickest evolutionary change? Small population, many mutations When antibiotics are no longer effective against bacteria, what can we assume happened to the bacteria? The bacteria that were antibiotic resistant survived, reproduced, and became more frequent in the population. What is the primary factor that causes coral bleaching? Increased water temperatures Barnacles have cirripeds, a type of appendage that helps them feed. What kind of feeders are barnacles? Filter feeders (cirripeds help filter the food) What is an advantage of fish schooling? Decreases competition amongst fish when they work together What does the body shape fusiform look like? Torpedo shaped body What does the body shape laterally compressed look like? Flattened body from side to side What does the body shape dorsoventrally compressed look like? Flattened body from front to back Which term best describes whisker-like structures near the mouth of fish to help with prey detection? Barbels Which of the 5 senses are the most developed in sharks? Smell Which of the following is accurately describes the difference between sea stars and brittle stars? Presence of tube feet and appearance of the central disk What do most cnidarians feed on? Bacteria and microscopic plankton What is the difference between a comb jelly (Ctenophore) and a true jelly (Cnidarian)? Comb jellies don't have stinging cells (cnidocytes) What is the function of collar cells in sponges? Feeding Fish population can be affected by changes in water quality caused by ___. Pollution Which term describes external fertilization in fish? Spawning What is the Devonian Period known for? Major evolutionary advances in fish Which feature allows fish to maneuver in water? Paired fins How do most echinoderms reproduce? Externally Which region of the body makes up the final part of the body where a tail may be attached? Abdomen Which region of the body makes up the middle of the body and is usually where appendages are attached? Thorax Which region of the body contains the majority of sense organs and nerves? Head What are the branching points of evolution? (where species diverge from common ancestors) Anatomical features Which group includes Giant Kelp? Algae Which organism causes red tides? Dinoflagellates Which cellular structure do amoebas use for feeding and locomotion? Pseudopods (fake feet) How can newly replicated viruses leave the host cell? Exocytosis or lyse What are the driving factors of natural selection? Mutations and inheritance Which of the following are examples of vestigial structures? Human appendix and wisdom teeth, snake pelvis Which term describes a structure that was once important for functioning and survival but no longer is in the modern organism (yet is still a part of the modern organism)? Vestigial Structure Which term describes a trait shared amongst multiple species that did not evolve from a common ancestor, but rather similar environmental pressures? Analogous Trait Which term describes a trait shared amongst multiple species that evolved from the same common ancestor? Homologous Trait Which era are we in now? Cenozoic Which era was the age of dinosaurs? Mesozoic Which era began with the Cambrian explosion and ended with the Permian extinction, marking huge changes in the evolution of life on Earth? Paleozoic Which era marks the beginning of Earth and the start of life on Earth? Precambrian What is the first cellular coding system in evolutionary history? RNA The ozone layer was formed when cyanobacteria produced which substance? Oxygen Which term describes the series of canals that run along the inside of a fish and detect vibrations in the water? Lateral Line System Which of the following is NOT a mollusc? Mantis shrimp Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a sponge? Has stinging cells Anatomical Structures the comparison of anatomical structures in different species can be used to identify characteristics that organisms inherited from common ancestors (to determine evolutionary relationships) Mutations Any change in the genetic makeup of an organism that occurs randomly Fossil Record the collection of fossils and their placement in chronological order as identified through the location of sedimentary layers in which they are found (relative dating) or their remaining radioactive elements (absolute da Survival of the Fittest the organisms that have traits that allow them to best survive and reproduce within their specific environment In Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, what does 'p' represent? The frequency of the dominant allele Embryological Development the study of development from the moment of fertilization to see developmental patterns amongst various species in order to find a common ancestor Evolution the theory that the change of heritable (inherited) characteristics of organisms over many generations results in the formation of new species with advantageous traits Geologic Time Scale a diagram that depicts major events over the course of Earth's history; includes era (named time periods), numerical timescale (how many years ago), and events In Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, what does 'p^2' represent? The frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype Based on the diagram of anatomical structures, who do Homo sapiens share a more recent common ancestor with? Homo neanderthalensis Phylogenetic Tree/Cladogram branch diagrams that depict evolutionary relationships based on a combination of pieces of evidence of evolution Inheritance The process in which genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring; natural selection and evolution only affected inherited traits What is the goal of life? To survive and reproduce In Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, what does 'q' represent? The frequency of the recessive allele Molecular Evidence (DNA) uses DNA sequence comparisons to show how different species are related Genetic Drift Any change in the gene pool that occurs by chance due to the increase of an uncommon allele Which organisms have a more recent common ancestor? Rabbit and primate Biological Fitness how well "fit" an organism is for its environment. The fitness of an organism depends on the circumstances of its environment. The result of natural selection in a population depends on the population's environment. True In Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, what does 'q^2' represent? The frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype How does a population gain new traits? (multiple correct answers) Mutations Natural selection causes advantageous traits to become more common in a population over many generations. True Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium a principle stating that the genetic variation will remain constant within a population from one generation to the next in the absence of other evolutionary influences How did biodiversity change over the Paleozoic Era? Many extinctions occurred, but there was overall more diversity by the end of the era How did the peppered moth lab demonstrate natural selection? The moths that were best fit for their environment (camouflaged the best) survived and reproduced and passed their traits onto the next generation. Natural selection can cause an individual to gain new advantageous traits during its lifetime. False Gene Flow Changes in the gene pool that are a result of the migration of organisms into or out of an area Which period did the first large mammals appear? Tertiary Period Natural Selection Organisms that are most fit for their environment with the most beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce Common Ancestor an ancestral species from which later species evolved; an ancestor shared by 2+ lineages The more similar the DNA/amino acids are between 2 organisms, the more closely related they are to each other. True Only variations that help an organism avoid predators can become more common through natural selection. False How long ago did toothed whales and baleen whales common ancestor exist? About 15 mya Which organisms have an amniotic egg? Rabbit and crocodile In Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, what does '2pq' represent? The frequency of the heterozygous genotype Karaurus was an ancient animal that lived more than 150,000,000 years ago. Both the karaurus and spotted salamander have a wide head with a rounded snout and the corn snake has a long head with a pointed snout. The Karaurus and spotted salamander have more traits in common, so they likely have a more recent common ancestor. Which organisms are most closely related evolutionarily? Dinosaur and rabbit How is the fitness of traits determined? Based on the environmental conditions that it lives in How many million years ago did the age of invertebrates end? 438 mya How did the evolution survival game demonstrate evolution? Over millions of years, the aliens adapted to their changing environments in order to survive and reproduce. asexual reproduction process of bacteria; genetic material is copied, cell pulls apart and splits into 2 identical daughter cells Binary Fission heterotrophs that can move using either flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia Animal-like protists bacteria can transform into this structure which is a simplified form of the bacteria cell with additional layers of membranes surrounding the cell Endospore organisms that create their own food through photosynthesis Photoautotrophs multicellular autotrophs that perform photosynthesis Plant heterotrophs that consume other living things for food; have unique adaptations for finding food, mates, habitat, etc. Animal a tiny, infectious non-living organism which can replicate inside living host cells Virus Group of families that are closely related Order A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring Species prokaryotes that have cells walls containing peptidoglycan Bacteria A classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species Genus prokaryotic extremophiles from which eukarya evolved; their cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan Archaea organisms that have cells that contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Eukarya Group of genera that share many characteristics Family single cellular or multicellular decomposers that reproduce using spores Fungi single celled eukaryotic organisms that have adaptations for movement Protist Group of orders that share similar characteristics Class two-word naming system; broken down into Genus species Binomial Nomenclature Group of closely related classes Phylum large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla Kingdom Most inclusive taxonomic category; includes similar kingdoms Domain a series of paired statements with 2 choices in each step that will lead to identifying an organism Dichotomous Key a branch diagram depicting evolutionary relationships Cladogram (phylogenetic tree) The process of grouping things based on their similarities Classification Based on binomial nomenclature, what is the name of the genus for the organism in the image? Acanthaster Based on binomial nomenclature, what is the name of the species for the organism in the image? vulgaris Based on binomial nomenclature, what is the name of the genus for the organism in the image? Lissotriton Based on binomial nomenclature, what is the name of the species for the organism in the image? planci Which organisms have the segmentation trait? Arthropods, Annelids, Onychophora Which organisms have radial symmetry? Cnidaria, Ctenophora The choanoflagellates are made of 3 layers of tissue. False The nematoda has pseudo coelum. True Mollusca share a more recent common ancestor with annelida than echinodermata. True Nemertea share a more recent common ancestor with platyhelminthes than rotifera. False Which level of classification contains the most number of different organisms? Domain Which level of classification contains the most number of different organisms? Family Which level of classification contains the least number of different organisms? Genus Which level of classification contains the most number of different organisms? Family Which level of classification contains the least number of different organisms? Species Which level of classification contains the least number of different organisms? Species Which level of classification contains organisms that are more closely related? Class Which level of classification contains organisms that are more closely related? Family Which level of classification contains organisms that can breed together and produce fertile offspring? Species Which domain contains organisms that do have a nucleus? Eukarya Which domain contains organisms that do NOT have a nucleus? Bacteria & Archaea Which kingdoms contain organisms that have cell walls? Bacteria, Archaea, Protists, Fungi, & Plants only Which kingdoms contain organisms that have cell walls made of peptidoglycan? Bacteria Which kingdoms contain organisms that have cell walls made of cellulose? Protists & Plants Which kingdoms contain organisms that have cell walls made of chitin? Fungi Which kingdoms contain organisms that are ALL unicellular? Bacteria & Archaea Which kingdoms contain at least some organisms that may be unicellular? Protists, fungi, plants Which kingdoms contain at least some organisms that may be multicellular? Protists, fungi, plants Which kingdoms contain organisms that are ALL multicellular? Animals Which kingdom contains autotrophs and heterotrophs? Bacteria Which kingdom contains autotrophs and heterotrophs? Archaea Which kingdom contains autotrophs and heterotrophs? Protists Which kingdom contains only autotrophs? Plants Which kingdom contains only heterotrophs? Animals Which kingdom contains only heterotrophs? Fungi What is the "taxa" on a cladogram? Branches that represent different organisms What is the "node" on a cladogram? Point where 2+ species meet (common ancestor) What shape is the bacteria in the image? Coccus What shape is the bacteria in the image? Bacillus What shape is the bacteria in the image? Bacillus What shape is the bacteria in the image? Spirillum What shape is the bacteria in the image? Coccus What shape is the bacteria in the image? Spirillum How do bacteria reproduce? Binary fission What is the purpose of bacteria transforming into an endospore? To protect themselves against harsh external conditions Which domain is most closely related to Archaea? Eukarya Which of the following are examples/types of fungi? Yeasts, mushrooms, molds Cnidarian A radially symmetrical invertebrate that uses stinging cells to capture food and defend itself. Lophophore A horseshoe-shaped or circular fold of the body wall bearing ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth. Platyhelminthes Phylum of flatworms that have flattened bodies, bilateral symmetry, and cephalization External Fertilization The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female Brachiopods lamp shells; resemble clams; dorsal and ventral shells Tapeworms A parasitic flatworm characterized by the absence of a digestive tract. Turbellarians free-living flatworms, live in marine or fresh water Animal Kingdom of multicellular heterotrophs that are eukaryotes and do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts Anthozoan Class of Cnidaria that occurs only as polyps, including coral and sea anemones. Cephalization concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body (anterior end or head) Phoronids Tube-dwelling marine lophophorate worms that live buried in the sand within chitin tubes. Bryozoans Small, colonial, encrusting invertebrates with delicate, often lace-like skeletons Choanocytes Structures in a sponge that help with capturing prey and digestion Budding Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism Amoebocytes Structures in a sponge that help with capturing prey and digestion Scyphozoan A class of cnidarians that includes the true jellyfish in which the medusoid body form predominates and the polyp is reduced or absent. Lophophorates sessile animals that lack a distinct head and possess a feeding device called a lophophore Spicules Internal skeletal support system in a sponge that helps it stand upright Reciprocal Copulation the process in which two hermaphroditic animals fertilize each other Hermaphrodites organisms that contain both female and male sex organs. Fragmentation A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals. Segmentation the division of the body of an organism into a series of similar parts Bilateral Symmetry Body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves. Internal Fertilization fertilization of an egg by sperm that occurs inside the body of a female Sponge multicellular, heterotrophic ANIMALS, belonging to Phylum Hydrozoan A class of Cnidaria where most of the organisms alternate between polyp and medusa except hydras, which are only polyp. They can reproduce both asexually and sexually. Radial Symmetry body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body (like a pizza pie) Nemertea Phylum of ribbon worms that use a proboscis for feeding Flukes (trematodes) largest group of flatworms; all are parasitic Vertebrate Have a backbone Invertebrate Lack a backbone Highly diverse class of molluscs, many of which are univalves; may live in shore areas, open areas, or the ocean floor; mostly use internal fertilization to reproduce Gastropods (Class Gastropoda) Octopuses, squids, and other molluscs that possess a foot modified into arms that surround the head; have small internal shells or lack shells entirely Cephalopods (Class Cephalopoda) Tube-like shells that open at both ends; larger end has a foot used for burrowing into sediments; smaller end allows water to enter and exit, takes in oxygen, and removes waste Scaphopods (Class Scaphopoda) Have shells divided into 2 jointed halves called valves; includes clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and shipworms; lack a head and radula; mostly filter feeders; mostly use external fertilization to reproduce Bivalves (Class Bivalvia) Region of the mollusc body that contains the circulatory (heart, vessels), digestive (stomach, digestive gland, intestine, anus), respiratory (gills), excretory (nephridium), and reproductive (gonad) systems Visceral Mass Phylum of soft bodied animals, most of which have shells made of calcium carbonate; includes organisms such as chitons, snails, clams, octopods, and squid Phylum Mollusca Molluscs that have flattened bodies and a shell made of 8 plates; live in the intertidal zone and feed on algae Chitons (Class Polyplacophora) A tissue found in molluscs responsible for forming the shell, creating locomotion in cephalopods, or gas exchange in species without gills Mantle A ribbon of tissue that contains teeth and is present in all molluscs except bivalves; can be adapted for scraping, piercing, tearing, or cutting pieces of food Radula Which of the following describes the form and function of nematodes? Generally small, round, non-segmented worms Which of the following are examples of molluscs? Chitons, snails, nudibranchs, bivalves, tusk shells, nautilus, octopus, squid, cuttlefish Which of the following are examples of urochordata? Tunicates, sea squirts, salps, larvaceans Which class of annelids make fecal casts, piles outside of their burrow made of their own waste? Polychaetes Which of the following are examples of cephalochordata? Lancelets Which of the following describes the form and function of annelids? The body is generally segmented internally and externally. Polychaetes have pairs of appendages called paddle feet on most segments for gas exchange and locomotion. Which of the following are examples of arthropods? Horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, crab, lobster, shrimp, krill, copepod, amphipod, barnacles Which of the following describes the form and function of arthropods? A hard or tough exoskeleton protects the body. Paired, jointed appendages aid in locomotion and feeding. Gas exchange is by gills or through body surface. Growth is by molting. Which of the following are examples of annelids? Polychaetes, spoonworms, beardworms Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of arthropods? Spiny body covering Which of the following phylum have a hydrostatic skeleton? (body compartment filled with fluid - usually water) Annelids Which of the following are examples of hemichordata? Acorn worms Which of the following describe the form and function of urochordates? Body is covered by a tunic made of a polysaccharide similar to cellulose. Salps and larvaceans are planktonic. Sea squirts are benthic and can be solitary or colonial. Which of the following best describes "grasping spines"? Feeding structure around the mouth that helps beardworms capture prey Which of the following best describes the "radula"? Tooth structure on molluscs which is used to scrape, chew, and capture food Which of the following describes the form and function of molluscs? Most are covered with a shell. Most have a tooth structure called a radula. Gas exchange with gills or mantle cavity. Cephalopods have a highly developed nervous system. Which of the following are examples of decapods? Crabs, lobsters, true shrimp Which class of annelids are known as spoonworms? Echiurans Which of the following describe the form and function of hemichordates? Worm-like animals with a large proboscis Which of the following is a unique adaptation that sea spiders have for reproduction? Males have an extra pair of appendages for carrying developing eggs Which of the following best describes the "epitoke"? Reproductive structure in polychaetes which produces large amounts of gametes for higher chances of successful reproduction Which of the following describe the form and function of chaetognatha? Torpedo shaped body with grasping spines around the mouth Which of the following are examples of chaetognatha? Arrowworms What is the difference between chelicerates and mandibulates? All chelicerates have 6 pairs of appendages. One pair is used for feeding. What is the function of the arthropod appendages: mandibles, maxilla, chelicerae? Feeding Which of the following best describes "Aristotle's Lantern"? Tooth structure on sea urchins which is used to scrape algae off solid surfaces Which class of annelids can contract their body when disturbed, resembling a peanut kernel? Sipunculids What controls the process of molting? Hormones What is the purpose of a horseshoe crab's telson? Used for defense and steering Which phylum of marine worms is the most abundant, playing a critical role as scavengers in helping recycle nutrients from waste and decaying organisms? Nematodes Which class of annelids do not have a mouth or digestive tract, so they consume dissolved nutrients? Pogonophores Which of the following describe the form and function of cephalochordates? Body resembles a small eel. Adults are benthic. As the arthropod ages, molting becomes... Less frequent Which of the following is NOT 1 of the 3 body regions on a horseshoe crab? Thorax What is the function of the arthropod appendage: chelipeds? Defense Sea stars pump water through their tube feet and use muscle contractions in order to move across solid surfaces. True Which of the following describe the form and function of echinoderms? Adults exhibit modified radial symmetry. All have an endoskeleton and most have a spiny body surface. A unique water vascular system is used for locomotion, feeding, circulation, and excretion. What is the function of the arthropod appendage: swimmerets? Swimming Which of the following is NOT 1 of the 3 body regions on crustaceans? Telson What is the function of a carapace in arthropods? A hard covering that protects the internal organs Which of the following systems are unique to echinoderms? Water vascular system Regular echinoids includes sand dollars and heart urchins, which have long spines. False Mantis shrimp are highly specialized predators in the order stomatopoda. Which of the following is NOT an adaptation unique to mantis shrimp? They are not considered true shrimp because they do not have chelipeds Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Ophiuroids? They have pedicellariae Which of the coleoids have 8 arms, 2 tentacles, and their shell is embedded in the mantle? Cuttlefish Arthropod appendages can be specialized for different functions. True Which class of arthropods makes up the majority of zooplankton? Copepods Why are most krill bioluminescent? They use their light to attract other krill so they can live in large colonies The name of which phylum means spiny skinned? Echinoderms Which class of echinoderms includes sea cucumbers? Holothuroidea Which of the coleoids have 8 arms and no tentacles? Octopus How do decapods reproduce? The male transfers the spermatophore into the female for internal fertilization using their copulatory pleopods What is the function of the arthropod appendage: walking legs? General movement and locomotion Which of the coleoids have 8 arms, 2 tentacles, and a pen (hard strip of protein that provides support to the mantle)? Squid Most amphipods are scavengers, using which special appendage to pick up animal and plant remains? Gnathopod Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of coleoids? They have external shells Which class of echinoderms includes brittle stars, basket stars, and serpent stars? Ophiuroidea Which of the following are examples of echinoderms? Sea stars, brittle stars, basket stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, crinoids Which subclass of cephalopods are covered by a shell? Nautiloids Sea stars can use regeneration to grow back missing body parts, whether or not the portion of body that remains contains a part of the central disc. False Which class of echinoderms includes sea stars? Asteroidea In echinoids, what is the structure that is a hard endoskeleton from which the spines are connected to? Test Nautiloids are able to move around in the water using their tentacles. False Which class of echinoderms includes sea lilies and feather stars? Crinoidea Irregular echinoids includes heart urchins and sand dollars, which have short spines which gives them a fuzzy appearance. True Which class of echinoderms includes sea urchins, heart urchins, and sand dollars? Echinoidea Nautiloids have a large, coiled shell composed of separate chambers. The animal only inhabits the last chamber, but is connected to the rest by the siphuncle. True Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of barnacles? They can be grouped as errant (free moving) or sessile The endoderm (internal skeleton) of an echinoderm is composed of plates of calcium carbonate called ossicles True Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sea cucumbers? Have a spiny body Includes a brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors; olfaction and vision are particularly well developed Nervous System Hide their eggs but exhibit no parental care (ex: grunion) Brood Hiders Care for their offspring until they hatch and frequently through their larval stages, spawning sites may be prepared nests or a bare surface (ex: damselfish, blennies, gobies) Guarders Four limbed vertebrate that evolved from lobefin fish Tetrapods Includes sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras; skeletons are compose entirely of cartilage strengthened by calcium salts; possess a jaw and paired fins; have placoid scales Cartilaginous Fish (Class Chondrichthyes) Can occur daily (feeding and predator avoidance) or seasonally (spawning, changing temperatures, feeding) Migration Produce larger eggs with larger yolk which are non-buoyant and spread out over surfaces such as vegetation or rocks (ex: smelt); no parental care Benthic Spawners Sense of smell; almost 2/3 of the cells in a shark's brain are dedicated to this Olfaction Some fish use their coloration and patterning to camouflage; some fish can swallow large amounts of air or water and inflate their bodies to scare off predators; flying fish avoid predation by using their enlarge pectoral fins to glide through the air to move out of the way of predators; some produce toxic substances Adaptations to Avoid Predation The young directly attach to the mother's uterine wall or the mother's uterus produces "uterine milk" that is absorbed by the embryo Viviparity Some fish have developed antifreeze glycoproteins that protect cells by lowering the temperature at which ice crystals enlarge; some fish have a reduced number of red blood cells to match their lower metabolic rates Adaptations to Extreme Cold Release vast quantities of eggs into the water, the males fertilize them, and the fertilized eggs drift with the current (ex: cod, tuna, sardines, parrotfish, wrasse); no parental care involved and high mortality rates, but allows for wide dispersal and higher chance of successful reproduction with higher amounts of eggs released Pelagic Spawners Senses electrical currents in the water to locate prey; found in sharks and their relatives Ampullae of Lorenzini Eggs are shed into the water column and embryos develop outside the mother's body; most common in ray-finned fish Oviparity Like jawfish or seahorses that have females lay eggs in/on males who will guard and take care of the eggs while they incubate Bearers A system of canals running along the body that open up to take in water; filled with neuromasts which are sensory receptors that detect vibrations in the water to locate prey and avoid potential predators Lateral Line System Move their fins in a wave-like motion to swim, have fleshy tails and small fins, release their eggs in a leathery, rectangular egg case Skates association of fish for social reasonds Shoaling Group of fish that operate in a highly polarized and synchronized fashion; type of shoaling; sometimes for the entire lifetime, sometimes only for specific reasons like spawning or migration; beneficial because there is protection in numbers Schooling development of eggs and sperm is usually seasonal, influenced by temperature and photoperiods (duration of daylight) Reproduction third eyelid in sharks that protects and covers the eye Nictitating membrane Includes a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestine; carnivorous fish have a short intestine while herbivorous fish have a longer, coiled intestine Digestive System Fertilization is internal and eggs hatch within the mother's uterus, where they are nourished by yolk stored in the egg Ovoviviparity Have flattened bodies, greatly enlarged pectoral fins attached to the head, reduced dorsal and caudal fins, eyes and spiracles on top of the head, gill slits on the ventral side; food source for humans Skates & Rays Move their fins up and down to swim, have barbs connected to venom glands on their tails, give birth to live young Rays Bony fish characterized by prominent, muscular limb buds (lobes) within their fins; most are extinct and existed during the Devonian Period Lobefin Fish (Class Sarcopterygii) Group of ray-finned fish; have homocercal tails, cycloid or ctenoid scales, and more maneuverable fins Neopterygii Protective egg case used by some sharks and skates Mermaid's Purse The most numerous and dominant group of vertebrate in the ocean; most can be characterized by the presence of a swim bladder, fin rays, bony skeleton, bony scales embedded in the skin, a terminal mouth, and an operculum; teeth are set in the jaw and are not regularly replaced Ray-finned Fish (Class Actinopterygii) A caudal fin where the dorsal lobe is longer than the ventral lobe Heterocercal Modified pelvic fin in sharks which transfer sperm from the male to the female during reproduction Clapser A protective flap that covers the gills of fish Operculum AKA ratfish, rabbitfish, spookfish; have large pointed head and long, slender tail; upper jaw is immovably attached to the braincase, lacks a spiracle, has an operculum; water is taken in through the nostrils; have flat plates instead of teeth; have a clasper on their head for reproduction; generally bottom dwellers Chimaera (subclass Holocephali) Openings to the gill chambers Spiracles Group of ray-finned fish that most closely resembles sharks; have heterocercal tail and ganoid scales Chondrostei Seen in bottom dwelling fish as it allows them to better blend in on the bottom sediments Flattened Body A caudal fin where the dorsal lobe and ventral lobe are symmetrical (same size) Homocercal A jawless fish in the subphylum Vertebrata; only 9 of the 43 known species are in the ocean, the rest are in freshwater habitats like the Great Lakes; are anadramous, reproduce through external fertilization, and usually die shortly after; food source for humans since ancient times Lamprey Migrating from the sea to fresh water to spawn Anadramous Third largest phylum in the animal kingdom; characterized by 4 traits that exist either during one or more stages of development or the whole lifetime: pharyngeal gill slits, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, post-anal tail Phylum Chordata Carnivorous (some are zooplanktivorous) cartilaginous fish; have a heterocercal caudal fin, streamlined body, and a ventral mouth full of rows of teeth which are constantly replaced Sharks AKA slime eels; bottom-dwelling jawless fish found throughout the world, eat live and dead prey, have dental plates to aid in capturing prey, have slime glands as a defense mechanism, and their tanned hides are used for leather goods Hagfish (Subphylum Myxine) Some sharks, tuna, swordfish, and other very active swimmers continuously swim forward at a high velocity with their mouth open to ensure that water is constantly moved past the gills to keep the blood oxygenated Ram Ventilation Thin, flexible connective tissue that provide support to the body, or in some vertebrates, act as attachment sites between muscle and bone and reduce friction at joints Cartilage Usually seen in burrowing fish or fish that prefer tight spaces as it better allows them to squeeze into small spaces Long, snake-like bodies Includes helpful adaptations that help fish camouflage, avoid predators, advertise territorial ownership, and more Coloration & Patterning Produced by light reflected from crystals in the skin Structural Colors A series of bones or cartilage that surround the spinal cord and help support the body Vertebrae Includes hagfish and lampreys; lack jaws, paired appendages, and scales; skeletons are entirely cartilage Jawless Fish Group of chordates that possess a cranium; all but hagfish are distinguished by the presence of vertebrae Craniates A cartilaginous or bony covering that encloses the brain Cranium blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills; maintaining a stable gradient of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide Countercurrent Exchange System an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy Swim Bladder Specific to fish based on their habitat and lifestyle Body Shape Some fish propel themselves through the water using their trunk muscles, some use only their fins, and some use a combination of both Locomotion A camouflage pattern in which the upper surface of pelagic animals is dark and the lower surface light to blend in with the ocean depths or the surface, respectively, when observed by a potential predator. Obliterative Countershading Less active sharks and fish use a series of muscles that suck in water through the spiracle and push it through the body to ventilate the gills and keep the blood oxygenated Gill Pump Oily material in the liver of some sharks that offsets their density in order to regulate buoyancy Squalene Color compounds found in chromatophores which can be manipulated to alter the color of the skin Pigments Body that tapers at the head and tail; usually seen in open water fish as it allows for greater efficiency of movement through the water Fusiform Includes heart, veins, arteries, capillaries; heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills to pick up oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide waste before it is moved to the rest of the body Cardiovascular System Fish use their gills to extract oxygen from the water, eliminate carbon dioxide, and aid in maintaining salt homeostasis Respiration Thick, rigid connective tissue that helps provide support and structure to the body Bones Seen in fish that live in seagrass or on coral reefs as it is easier to navigate through a complex environment Laterally Compressed Body The bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators Aposematic Coloration are the bright, showy, color patterns often seen in reef fish that advertise territorial ownership, aid in maintaining schools, and are used in sexual displays Poster Colors Ability to float Buoyancy Includes auks, puffins, and murres; more closely related to gulls than penguins despite outward appearance (due to convergent evolution); have countershading colors, are agile swimmers and awkward on land, and feed on fish, squid, and shrimp; gather in large colonies on cliffs for breeding Family Alcidae Outer layer made of keratin, inner layer made of bones; dorsal surface is the carapace, ventral surface is the plastron; Leatherback turtles lack a shell and instead have a thick hide with small bony plates Sea Turtle Shells Only marine lizard, live in Galapagos Islands; dark coloration allows them to absorb more heat energy to survive in cold waters; few natural predators; herbivores that graze on seaweed; have salt glands to excrete excess salt; scent receptors on their tongue; males compete for territory and mates Marine Iguana A digestive organ in birds that stores food; adults use it to hold onto food for themselves and their young Crop Found mostly along shores and seaports; have webbed webbed feet and oil glands to waterproof their feathers; have enormous appetites and are non-selective feeders (will eat almost anything); includes gulls, terns, skuas, jaegers, and skimmers Family Laridae Sac of skin that hangs between the flexible bones of the pelican's lower mandible; well suited for catching lots of prey, but fills up easily with water which they drain out before consuming their prey Gular Pouches Can maintain a constant body temperature Homeothermic 7 species; inhabit shallow tropical and subtropical coastal waters; covered by a protective shell fused to their skeletons; modified front limbs as flippers for swimming and back limbs as paddles for steering and digging nests; generally solitary creatures except during mating; breathe air but can remain submerged for up to 3 hours; all carnivorous except green sea turtles (herbivores); have salt glands to excrete excess salt; mate at sea, experience breeding cycles of 1-5 years, females lays eggs in nests on land; most are endangered due to human activities Sea Turtles An egg covered by a protective shell and containing a liquid-filled sac in which the embryo develops; structures inside allow for gas exchange, waste removal, and food supply (yolk); beneficial adaptation that allows for longer developmental periods with no larval stages and increased protection from predators Amniotic Egg 65 species, most remain close to shore; includes true sea snakes, sea kraits, file snakes, mangrove snakes, and salt marsh snakes; adaptations for marine living include absence or reduced scales, laterally compressed tail for swimming, nostrils higher on the head with specialized valves to prevent water intake, one long, single lung, and frequent shedding of the skin to remove algae, barnacles, and bryozoans; feed mainly on fish, fish eggs, and eels; highly developed vision; have salt glands to excrete excess salt; highly toxic; hunted for their skins and for food for humans Sea Snakes AKA scissorbills; have vertical pupil slits and flexible lower jaw that extends past the upper bill which they stick below the surface of the water while flying to catch prey Skimmers Have 4 webbed toes, some have hooked upper mandible, many are brightly colored; most found in coastal areas and inland waters; includes pelicans, boobies, gannets, cormorants, and frigatebirds Order Pelecaniformes paired penises found in snakes and lizards; each one works independently and only 1 is used during mating Hemipenes Closely related to reptiles; about 250 species are marine; they are homeothermic, have high metabolism, strong muscles, quick responses, and superior coordination for flying, 4-chambered heart, well developed sight and hearing, and salt glands to remove excess salt Marine Birds Includes crocodiles, turtles, lizards, and snakes; have amniotic eggs, advanced circulatory systems, strong kidneys, and scaly skin Marine Reptiles Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments Convergent Evolution AKA waders; Live in intertidal zone; includes oystercatchers, plovers, turnstones, sandpipers, curlews, avocets, stilts, and herons Shorebirds AKA tubenoses due to tubular nostrils connected to their nasal cavities; have a large gland in their stomach that produces an oil used to feed their young and defend themselves from predators; includes albatrosses and petrels Order Procellariiformes 2 live in Antarctica, the rest on barren rocky islands in the Antarctic Sea; well adapted to swimming in cold water due to densely packed feathers, flipper-like wings, webbed feet, and torpedo shaped bodies; feed on fish, krill, and squid; prey for leopard seals, killer whales, sharks, and skuas Penguins (Order Sphenisciformes) The largest living reptiles, strong swimmers that feed on fish, terrestrial animals, and sometimes humans; breed in rivers during the wet season; male on male competition over territories; females stay with their young until they can swim Marine Crocodiles