Psychology 2e - Chapter 1 Notes

Structuralism: Understanding the conscious experience through introspection.
- Wilhelm Wundt
Functionalism: Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment.
- William James
Psychoanalytic Theory: Focuses on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior.
- Sigmund Freud
Gestalt Psychology: Focuses on humans as a whole rather than individual parts.
- Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler
Behaviorism: Focuses on observing and controlling behavior.
- Pavlov, Watson, Skinner
Humanism: Emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
- Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Wilhelm Wundt:
- Focused on structuralism.
- Created the first psychology research laboratory.
- Used introspection to understand the mind's structure.
William James:
- Focused on functionalism, emphasizing how mental activities aid in environmental survival.
Sigmund Freud:
- Founded psychoanalytic theory, emphasizing unconscious and early childhood experiences.
Ivan Pavlov:
- Discovered classical conditioning through conditioned reflexes.
John B. Watson:
- Known as the father of behaviorism, focusing on observable behavior.
B. F. Skinner:
- Studied operant conditioning, focusing on reinforcement and punishment in driving behavior.
Abraham Maslow:
- Proposed a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.
Carl Rogers:
- Developed client-centered therapy with unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy.
Noam Chomsky:
- Influential in the cognitive revolution, emphasizing the incorporation of mental functioning.
Margaret Floy Washburn:
- First woman to earn a doctorate in Psychology

Biopsychology: Studies the nervous system's structure and function in generating behavior.
Sensation and Perception: Focuses on both physiological and psychological aspects of sensory information.
- Sensation – Sensory information (sights, sounds, touch, smell).
- Perception – Experience of the world.
Developmental Psychology: Studies physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation.
Personality Psychology: Focuses on unique behaviors and thought patterns of individuals.
Social Psychology: Studies how individuals interact and relate with others.
Health Psychology: Examines how health is affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences.
Clinical Psychology: Focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Applies psychological principles to industrial and organizational settings.
Sports & Exercise Psychology: Focuses on psychological aspects regarding sports and physical performance.
Forensic Psychology: Deals with the justice system, including competency assessments and treatment suggestions.

Requires a PhD or Masters degree for most positions.
Options include teaching, research, clinical psychologist, counseling psychologist, social work, and corporate jobs.