Comprehensive Study Notes on Sporting Events Management and Children & Women in Sports

Functions of Sports Events Management

Concept of Sports Management: The term Management originates from the French word Manager, which means to use things carefully. It is defined as a problem-solving process used to effectively achieve organizational objectives through the efficient use of scarce resources within a changing environment. It is considered an art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups.
Definitions of Management:
- J Desensi: Management is the process involving planning, organizing, evaluating, and controlling human efforts to achieve the stated objectives of an organization.
- Desensi, Kelley, Blanton, and Beitel: Sports management involves any combination of skills related to planning, organizing, directing, controlling, budgeting, leading, and evaluating within the context of an organization or department whose primary product or service is related to sport or physical activity.
Phases of Sports Management:
- Planning: An intellectual process of thinking in advance to set goals and develop strategies. It is a thoughtful, foresight-driven vision that makes a program goal-oriented. It considers budgets, approvals, tournament types, and resource availability.
- Organising: The process of identifying, grouping, and arranging required resources (human and material) under various headings or committees. It involves drafting schedules and implementing plans to fulfill objectives efficiently.
- Staffing: Grouping human resources and assigning duties based on academic qualification, experience, and capability. It ensures the right person is assigned to the right job and considers leadership ability.
- Directing: Defining and explaining duties and responsibilities. Staff members are guided on how to use authority and resources effectively to tackle situations without hindrance. This should be performed by an experienced or expert person.
- Controlling: Occurs during the progress of the tournament to increase efficiency and effectiveness. It involves continuous evaluation, proper coordination between committees, and adjusting work as required to meet immediate needs.
ble rSignificance of Management in Sports:
- Helps achieve the aim and objectives within available time and finance.
- Ensures success by reducing the chances of mistakes.
- Establishes coordination among various committees.
- Reduces undue pressure of immediacy.
- Provides good control and directions for systematic teamwork.
- Increases output and efficiency while reducing stress.
- Prevents wastage of resources and time.
- Develops creative ideas and promotes innovation.
- Ensures the creation of a proper schedule with comfortaest times for officials.

Tournament Committees and Responsibilities

Hierarchy of Organising Committees:
- For Intramural Events: Chairperson/Chief Patron (Principal) $\rightarrow$ Convener (Physical Education Teacher) $\rightarrow$ Member (Teachers) $\rightarrow$ President (Head Boy/Girl) $\rightarrow$ Secretary (Sports Captain).
- For Extramural Events: Chairperson/Chief Patron (Director of Sports in State) $\rightarrow$ Convener (District Education Officer) $\rightarrow$ Member (Physical Education Teachers of different schools) $\rightarrow$ Organizing Secretary (Physical Education Teacher).
Committee Duties (Pre, During, and Post Tournament):
- Organising Committee: Prime planning, obtaining approvals, discussing budgets, and staffing.
- Technical Committee: Headed by a Chief Official (Referees, Umpires, Judges). Pre-work includes playfield marking and equipment procurement. During-work includes conducting matches and handling technical disputes. Post-work includes reporting success to Federations/Associations.
- Finance Committee: Pre-work includes budget planning and seeking sponsorships. During-work includes providing funds for purchases and managing expenses. Post-work includes maintaining records, bills, and final financial reports.
- Registration/Reception Committee: Pre-work includes checking team details. During-work includes reporting teams, informng them of stay arrangements, and checking eligibility. Post-work includes refunding security amounts and handing out certificates to departing teams.
- Accommodation/Boarding & Lodging Committee: Pre-work includes bedding and meal planning. During-work includes managing comfortable stays and meals for out-stationed teams. Post-work includes returning borrowed equipment.
- Logistic/Ground Equipment Committee: Pre-work includes arranging equipment as per rules. During-work includes cleaning and maintaining grounds. Post-work includes collecting and returning items.
- Award/Ceremonial Committee: Pre-work includes planning opening/closing ceremonies and decorations. During-work includes managing guests, speeches, and prize distribution. Post-work includes returning equipment.
- Publicity/Press & Media Committee: Pre-work includes informing media. During-work includes daily reporting and photography. Post-work includes highlighting features of the tournament.
- Certificate Committee: Pre-work includes collecting certificates. During-work includes writing and maintain records of participation and merit certificates. Post-work includes returning unused certificates.
- Medical/First Aid Committee: Pre-work includes preparing kits. During-work includes providing aid to injured players. Post-work includes reporting on medical aid provided.
- Transportation Committee: Pre-work includes planning pick-ups. During-work includes providing transport for out-stationed teams. Post-work includes detailed reporting.
- Announcement Committee: Pre-work includes checking address systems. During-work includes commentary and announcements. Post-work includes summary of announcements.
- Recorders and Bulletin Board Committee: During-work includes keeping records and displaying results. Post-work includes managing score-sheets.
- Refreshment Committee: Pre-work includes purchasing refreshments. During-work includes distribution. Post-work includes summary of expenses.
- Accreditation/Discipline Committee: Pre-work includes safety point checks. During-work includes controlling violence and monitoring spectators. Post-work includes safe exit for participants.

Tournament Fixtures and Procedures

Tournament Definition: A series of games or matches played among various teams to determine a winner. It provides a platform to demonstrate skill, evaluate performance, and popularize sports.
Fixture Definition: The process of arranging teams in a systematic order or groups for competitive matches. It is a program listing who plays whom, where, and when. In racquet games, it is called a Tie; in athletics/swimming, it is called a Heat.
Knock-Out (Elimination) Tournament:
- A team continues to play until defeated. Only victorious teams proceed.
- Merits: Economical, less time-consuming, identifies strong winners, less tiredness for players, high spectator interest.
- Demerits: Good teams may be eliminated early, skilled selection is difficult if good players lose initial matches, high stress on players.
- Bye: A privilege given to a team to play directly in the second round. It is a necessity to adjust the draw for power-of-two calculations.
- Fixture Steps:
  1. Number of Matches ( $M$ ): $M = N - 1$ (for top two positions).
  2. Number of Rounds ( $R$ ): Determined by the next power of two ( $2^R \ge N$ ). For 13 teams, the nearest power is $2^4 = 16$ , resulting in 4 rounds.
  3. Upper and Lower Half: For odd teams ( $N$ ), Upper Half = $\frac{N+1}{2}$ and Lower Half = $\frac{N-1}{2}$ . For 7 teams, Upper = 4 and Lower = 3.
  4. Number of Byes ( $B$ ): $B = 2^R - N$ . For 11 teams, Byes = $16 - 11 = 5$ .
  5. Bye Distribution: Odd byes result in the lower half having one more bye than the upper half.
  6. Allotting Byes:
    - 1st Bye: Last team of lower half.
    - 2nd Bye: First team of upper half.
    - 3rd Bye: First team of lower half.
    - 4th Bye: Last team of upper half.
League (Round Robin) Tournament:
- Every team plays every other team regardless of win or loss.
- Single League: $\frac{N \times (N-1)}{2}$ matches. For 12 teams, matches = 66.
- Double League: $N \times (N-1)$ matches.
- Methods:
  - Staircase Method: One team is fixed at the top of a "step" and plays others; then the next team is fixed on the next step down.
  - Cyclic Method: One team is fixed in position while others rotate clockwise. If teams are odd, a Bye is rotated.
  - Tabular Method: Uses a grid or table format.
- Deciding a Winner (League):
  - British League Method: $\text{Percentage of Points} = \frac{\text{Total Points Obtained} \times 100}{\text{Total Possible Points}}$ .
  - American League Method: $\text{Percentage of Points} = \frac{\text{Matches Won} \times 100}{\text{Matches Played}}$ .
Combination Tournaments:
- Knock-out cum League: Initial knockout rounds, then top teams play a league format.
- League cum Knock-out: Initial league rounds, then top teams play knockout.
- Knock-out cum Knock-out / League cum League.
Challenge Tournaments:
- Used for ranking. Rankings improve step-by-step.
- Ladder: Players challenge those ranked directly above them.
- Pyramid/Cobweb: Multiple players hold the same rank and must compete to advance.
Seeding: Placing strong teams at beneficiary places in the fixture to prevent them from clashing in early rounds. Seeded teams are typically placed in the same positions as Byes.

Intramural and Extramural Tournaments

Intramural (Inside the Walls):
- Competitions conducted within the players of a single institution. Teams are usually divided by houses.
- Objectives: Mass participation, talent identification, creating interest, overall personality development, leadership creation, recreation, and building social values.
- Activities: Major games (Football, Cricket), Individual (Chess, Table Tennis), Combative (Judo, Boxing), Rhythmic (Mass PT, Tug of war).
Extramural (Outside the Walls):
- Competitions performed outside the institution (Inter-school, District, State, National).
- Objectives: Achieving high performance, feelings of integration, career opportunities in sports, motivation for juniors, and social recognition.
- Significance: Performance progression under coaches, high-level fitness, group cohesion, and development of high-level social qualities.

Community Sports Programs

Specific Sports Programmes: Designed for the well-being of individuals and social awareness rather than pure competition.
- Sports Day: Annual showcase of child performance and recreation. National Sports Day is celebrated on 29th August (Major Dhyan Chand's anniversary).
- Health Run: Organized by NGOs or health departments to raise awareness and funds for charity.
- Run for Fun: Focuses on fitness and joy without competition.
- Run for Unity: Inculcates peace, togetherness, and national integrity; often involves relay events.
- Run for Specific Cause: Awareness for issues like AIDS (1st December), Cancer (4th February), Girl child education, or stopping child labor.
Planning Factors: Defining the purpose, advance venue/date selection, chalking out schedules (opening/closing), deciding the path course, and arranging water, medical aid, and safety (traffic police assistance).

Exercise Guidelines for Growth Stages

WHO Guidelines by Age Group:
- Babyhood (Birth to 1 year): Control starts from top to bottom (neck to legs). Requirement: At least $30\, \text{minutes}$ of activity. Sleep: $14 \text{ to } 16\, \text{hours}$ .
- Infancy (1 to 3 years): Focus on gross motor development. Sleep: $12 \text{ to } 14\, \text{hours}$ .
- Early Childhood (3 to 6 years): Gross and fine motor development via recreation/fun games. Intensity: Moderate to vigorous. Duration: $120 \text{ to } 150\, \text{minutes}$ . Sleep: $10 \text{ to } 12\, \text{hours}$ .
- Later Childhood (7 to 17 years): Focus on endurance, flexibility, and coordination via gymnastics, athletics, or racket games. Duration: At least $3 \text{ to } 4\, \text{hours}$ . Sleep: $9 \text{ to } 11\, \text{hours}$ .
- Adolescence, Youth, and Adult (18 to 64 years): Full motor component development through competitive and adventurous sports. Duration: At least $3 \text{ to } 4\, \text{hours}$ . Sleep: $7 \text{ to } 9\, \text{hours}$ .

Correct Posture and Common Postural Deformities

Good Posture Benefits: Attractive appearance, improved health, psychological balance, reduced strain on joints, better organ function, and prevention of fatigue.
Correct Postures:
- Standing: Feet $4 \text{ to } 6\, \text{inches}$ apart, parallel. Weight evenly balanced. Center of Gravity should be at the center of the feet.
- Sitting: Backbone straight against chair back, natural curve visible. Thighs straight, legs resting vertically on feet.
- Walking: Heel-toe action (weight transferred to toe).
Postural Deformities and Corrective Measures:
- Knock-Knees (Genu Valgum): Knees touch while standing; wide gap at ankles. Causes: Rickets, Vitamin D/Calcium deficiency. Measure: Horse riding, Vriksh Asana, using a pillow between legs while sleeping.
- Bow Legs (Genu Varum): Legs curve outward at knees. Measure: Ardha Chakra Asana, walking with inward toe, special shoes.
- Flat-foot (Pes Planus): Arch of foot collapses. Measure: Walking on sand, skipping, picking marbles with toes, Tarr Asana.
- Round Shoulder: Shoulders project upward and forward. Causes: Carrying heavy school bags, poor posture habits. Measure: Backward bending exercises, Chakra Asana, Bhujang Asana.
- Kyphosis (Hunch Back): Exaggerated curvature of upper (thoracic) back. Measure: Backward bending, reverse sit-ups, using a flat bed.
- Lordosis (Hollow Back): Abnormal curve of lumbar spine in front; abdomen ahead. Measure: Forward bending, Hal Asana, Paschimottan Asana, toe touching.
- Scoliosis: Sideward curvature of spine (C or S shape). Measure: Opposite sideward bending, Trikon Asana, Chin-ups.

Women's Participation in Sports

History and Trends: Historically restricted due to beliefs of weakness or reproductive health risks. London 2012 saw 41% female participation; Tokyo 2020 rose to 49%.
Top Indian Female Athletes: Mary Kom (Boxing), Saina Nehwal and P.V. Sindhu (Badminton), Sakshi Malik (Wrestling), Mirabai Chanu and K. Malleshwari (Weight Lifting), Hima Das and Dutee Chand (Athletics), Sania Mirza (Tennis), Mithali Raj (Cricket), Lovlina Borgohain (Boxing).
Benefits: Increased confidence, positive body image, goal attainment, health, improved social behavior, and career opportunities (coach, sports doctor, manager).
Constraints for Indian Women: Social/cultural traditions (male-dominated society), lack of family support, lack of finances for expensive gear/diet, household work burden, fear of sexual harassment, less female coaches, and lack of safety in public spaces.

Special Considerations and the Female Athlete Triad

Menarche: The first menstrual bleeding, occurring between ages 8 to 15. Signifies sexual maturity and the possibility of fertility. Moderate physical activity is acceptable during this phase.
Menstrual Dysfunction: Abnormal conditions like heavy/prolonged bleeding or the absence of bleeding. Iron deficiency risk (Anemia) increases due to blood flow. Light to moderate physical activity is acceptable.
Female Athlete Triad components:
- Osteoporosis (Bone Weakening): Weakening of bones due to loss of density and low Estrogen levels. Leads to increased bone injuries.
- Amenorrhea (Decreased Hormonal Level): Cessation of the menstrual cycle for more than three months. Often caused by low energy and over-training.
- Eating Disorders (Inadequate Energy Intake):
  - Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating followed by purging (vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise).
  - Anorexia Nervosa: Irrational fear of weight gain leading to food restriction and distorted body perception.

Questions & Discussion

Q: Which function of management is the intellectual process of thinking in advance?
- A: Planning.
Q: What is the primary role of the Jury of Appeal / Protest Committee?
- A: Resolving disputes during the event.
Q: How many matches are in a single league of 12 teams?
- A: $\frac{12 \times 11}{2} = 66$ matches.
Q: What is the formula for the number of byes?
- A: Next higher power of 2 minus N ( $2^n - N$ ).
Q: What is the primary role of the Registration Committee?
- A: To confirm participants and check their eligibility.
Q: What is the motive of Intramural Badminton?
- A: Mass participation and developing interest in physical activity among students within the institution.
Q: Suggest physical exercises for childhood.
- A: Moderate to vigorous activities like running, jumping, swimming, gymnastics, and yoga asanas to develop aerobic capacity and fine motor skills.
Q: Match the deformity: Genu Valgum, Genu Varum, Pes Planus.
- A: Genu Valgum refers to Knock-knees; Genu Varum refers to Bow-legs; Pes Planus refers to Flat-foot.