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Antibiotics: Medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body. Clinical drug testing: Drug testing done on healthy human volunteers and patients. Communicable disease: A disease that can be spread between individuals either directly or indirectly. Double blind trial: A study performed where neither the researcher or patient know whether the patient is taking the drug or a placebo. Gonorrhoea: A sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.✢ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): An infectious virus that weakens the immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Malaria: A disease caused by a protist that causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal. Measles: A serious disease caused by a virus that shows symptoms of fever and a red skin rash. *Monoclonal antibodies: Antibodies produced from a single clone of cells that are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen. Non-communicable disease: A disease which cannot be spread between individuals. Non-specific defence: General physical and chemical barriers that defend the body against lots of different types of pathogen. www.pmt.education www.pmt.education Pathogens: Microorganisms that cause infectious disease. Placebo: A substance designed to be indistinguishable from a drug being tested but has no actual effect on the patient. Preclinical drug testing: Drug testing done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals. Rose black spot: A fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early. Salmonella: A bacterial disease that is spread by bacteria ingested in food and can cause a fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea. Side effects: Other additional effects that the drug has that are different from the expected effect of the drug. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV): A widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants which produces a mosaic pattern on the leaves and limits the plant growth. Vaccination: The process of introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies.✢ White blood cell: An important type of cell that makes up the immune system and produces antibodies and antitoxins.