Processes Subsidiary to Induction

Major Subsidiary Concepts of Induction

• Logicians generally recognize three major subsidiary concepts and processes of Induction:
  • Observation
  • Hypothesis
  • Causation

Definition and Classification of Observation

• Definition of Observation:

  • Observation is defined as the act of noticing or perceiving a fact or facts from the world of experience.

• Primary Classification:

  • Logicians classify observation into two general types:
  • Scientific observation
  • Casual or Non-scientific observation

Scientific Observation

• Definition:

  • Scientific observation is defined as a deliberate attempt to search for facts with the hope of solving a certain problem.

• Key Characteristics of Scientific Observation:

  • Purposeful: It possesses a definite purpose rather than being random.
  • Guided by Hypothesis: It is directed and guided by a hypothesis.
  • Selective: It seeks out facts relevant to its hypothesis and discards those that are irrelevant.
  • Methodological Integrity: It is systematic, objective, and entirely free from bias.

• Practical Application:

  • A scientist who utilizes scientific induction to test a hypothesis requires scientific observation.

Division of Scientific Observation

• Scientific observation is divided into two distinct categories:
  • Experimental observation
  • Non-experimental observation (also referred to as Pure observation)

Experimental Observation

• Definition:

  • Experimental observation is the observation of facts under controlled conditions.

• Key Advantages and Characteristics:

  • Greater Reliability: It is more reliable than non-experimental observation because it offers greater opportunities to eliminate irrelevant factors.
  • Repetition: Repetition is a major advantage, allowing facts to be observed multiple times under identical or modified controls.
  • Standard Utilization: All systematic observers rely upon and make use of experimental observation.

Non-Experimental Observation (Pure Observation)

• Definition:

  • Non-experimental observation (or pure observation) is the observation of facts under natural conditions.

• Characteristics and Scope:

  • Lack of Control: Natural conditions are entirely outside the control of observers.
  • Relative Accuracy: It is less accurate than experimental observation.
  • Scope: It is broader and wider in scope compared to experimental observation.

• Specific Examples:

  • The movements of planets in astronomy.
  • The rise and fall of oceanic tides.