art history unit 2
Elements of Art: the lines, shapes, forms, values, colors, space, and textures of a piece.
Principles of Design: the balance, movement, rhythm, contrast, emphasis, pattern, and unity a piece conveys.
Line: a continuous un-interrupted stroke.
Vertical lines: static lines that imply stability and formality.
Horizontal lines: static lines that imply stability and calm.
Diagonal lines: lines that look like a rise and fall, implying instability, excitement, and tension.
Zig-zag lines: intersecting lines that convey confusion and nervousness.
Curved lines: conveys movement, calm, or activity depending on the angle and coil of the curve.
Contour lines: edges and boundaries of an object, usually without internal details.
Gestural lines: sketched quickly and freely to indicate the interior details
Shape: a defined two-dimensional form with boundaries.
Geometric shapes: mathematical proportional shapes that don't usually appear in nature.
Organic shapes: irregular and abnormal shapes that frequently naturally appear in nature.
Form: a defined three-dimensional object that appears to have weight, mass, depth, and a physical presence.
Value: darkness and light of a color.
Tinting: adding white to a color to lighten it.
Toning: adding black to a color to darken it.
Chiaroscuro: an Italian Renaissance dramatic lighting method to define objects' forms. Shading and modeling: varying the levels of darkness and light on an object to indicate a depth of perception.
Hatching: drawing parallel lines that appear darker when closer together.
Cross-hatching: drawing intercepting parallel lines that appear darker when more heavily crossing and crowded.
Color: The reflection of light off a surface based on wavelength, organized by size of wavelength on the color wheel.
Hue: the name of a color.
Primary colors: ones that cannot be made through a combination of other colors, consisting of red, yellow, and blue.
Secondary colors: products of combining the primary colors, consisting of orange, purple, and green.
Tertiary colors: products of combining primary and secondary colors, such as red-orange and blue-green, named as the primary color and then the secondary color.
Tints: versions of a color produced by tinting, adding white.
Shades: versions of a color produced by toning, adding black.
Analogous colors: colors that are next to each other on the color wheel.
Complementary colors: colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel, pairs of primary and secondary colors.
Warm colors: colors that establish a tone relating to physical warm temperatures.
Cool colors: colors that establish a tone relating to physical cool temperatures.
Space: the distance between objects. Positive space: space filled with an object's physical presence.
Negative space: empty space.
Atmospheric Perspective: suggesting distance by lacking details in objects meant to be further away.
Linear perspective: suggesting distance by showing parallel lines visually converging as it nears the vanishing point.
Vanishing point: the point where converging lines meet on the horizon in Linear Perspective.
One-Point Perspective: a perspective that indicates implied space by converging lines at a single vanishing point.
Two-Point Perspective: a perspective that indicates implied space by converging lines at two different vanishing points.
Texture: the way a surface feels.
Actual Texture: the shaping of three-dimensional sculptures to indicate texture.
Implied or Visual Texture: the application of techniques such as patterns, light, and impasto to visually suggest the way an object would feel.
Impasto: the layering of paint to create a real texture on a paint canvas, often used to draw attention to the brush's stroke.