Unit 7 1890-1819

Welcome to a push unit 7 review and

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today we'll be covering these

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topics. First we're going to cover

Imperialism

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imperialism. So some big trends and

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context for imperialism. The big idea is

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that since the 1790s the United States

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has been focused on wessor expansion.

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But in the 1890s this is going to change

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as the frontier is closed. Remember that

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idea of the turner theist. So the United

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States is going to start expanding its

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influence outside of the continent in

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imperialism. And the 1890s is going to

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mark a transition in United States

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history as the United States becomes a

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global power. So let's cover the motives

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for imperialism. The first one is

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economic. Big business is really going

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to push for raw materials and the

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markets for the industrial revolution.

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There's also political motives because

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we want to compete with other colonial

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powers. We're going to compete with

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Europe and Japan over in Asia to expand

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global dominance. There's also military

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reasons. The US wants to get strategic

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naval bases. Alfred C. Mahan is going to

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write the influence of sea power which

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stress the importance of a strong navy.

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Finally, there's ideological motives.

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There's this idea of the white man's

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burden that the white race is superior

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and has a duty to quote civilize

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inferior races. And this really is just

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social Darwinism applied to foreign

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affairs. One figure that you should know

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is Reverend Josea Strong who writes our

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country. In this book, he argues that

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the Anglo-Saxon race is quote superior

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and is thus justified in spreading its

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quote civilization across the globe. One

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case study of US imperialism is Hawaii.

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So in the 1820s, American missionaries

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are going to go over to Hawaii to

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convert natives to Christianity. And

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over time, sugar and pineapple planters

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are going to buy up land and make a

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profit. And the Doe family is going to

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be heavily involved in this. In 1887,

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the Pearl Harbor naval base is going to

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be established with the treaty. And all

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of this is to say that there is going to

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be a growing push to enex Hawaii thanks

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to growing US interest in Hawaii. And

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the queen, Queen Liu Khalani, wants

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independence, but she's going to get

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overthrown in 1893 by big plantation

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owners who orchestrate a revolt. Rover

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Cleveland is not going to accept

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annexation, but McKinley will. The big

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one that you need to know is the

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Spanishame war, and this is really going

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to symbolize US imperialism. So, let's

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go over the causes. So, during this

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time, Cuba is going to be one of the few

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colonies still controlled by Spain, and

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revolts were very common. General

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Butcher Wayne is going to brutally

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suppress the rebellion with

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reconentration camps where starvation,

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disease, and death were rampant. Okay,

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so why does the United States care?

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Well, the US cares because they have a

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vested interest in Cuba. There's a lot

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of sugar plantations there, and yellow

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journalism or sensational reporting is

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going to stoke sympathy for the Cubans.

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However, the big cause is going to be

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the explosion of the USS Maine, which

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Spain is going to be blamed for sparking

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the war. So, at the beginning of the

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SpanishAmerican War, the US is going to

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pass a Teller amendment which stated

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that the US will not take over Cuba.

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Spoiler alert, they will. And the US is

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going to absolutely dominate the war.

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George Dwey is going to crush a Spanish

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fleet and Theodore Roosevelt is going to

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lead the Rough Riders in a big victory.

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And ultimately, the fighting is going to

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stop with the Treaty of Paris of 1898.

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And this is big because the US is going

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to acquire Cuba, Guam, the Philippines,

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and Puerto Rico, all for just $20

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million. Now, the impact of the

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SpanishAmerican War. The big idea is

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that there's going to be a controversial

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debate over what to do with the newly

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acquired territories. There's actually a

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debate in Congress if the US should

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ratify the treaty of Paris and the Anemp

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Imperialist League will be formed to

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oppose the ratification of this treaty

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with members including Samuel Gumpers,

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Carnegie, Mark Twain, and others.

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However, McKinley will favor expansion.

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So, Congress is going to narrowly ratify

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the Treaty of Paris of 1898 acquiring

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these new treaties. Again, this supports

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the big idea that the United States

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during this time period is going to

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pursue an expansionist imperialist

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policy. So, the Teller Amendment is not

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going to be upheld. Who would have seen

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that coming? And it's going to be

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replaced by the Plant amendment, which

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really limits Cuban freedom. It states

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that the US can intervene to restore

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peace and order, that Cuba cannot sign

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treaties with foreign powers that limits

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its independence, and it's going to

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establish a naval base at Guantanamo

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Bay. And these actions ultimately are

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going to create a lot of resentment

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amongst Cubans. Again, this supports our

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big idea here. Now, Puerto Rico, the

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Forer Act 1900 is really going to limit

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freedom for Puerto Ricans. Puerto Rico

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is going to be granted limited popular

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sovereignty and eventually US

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citizenship will be granted in 1917. The

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question of citizenship and rights in

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these territories is going to be a

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controversial debate. In the insular

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cases of 1901, the Supreme Court ruled

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that the US Constitution rights did not

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automatically extend to American

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territories. Once again, we see how our

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big idea is supported. The big one is

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going to be the Philippines. So Alio

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Auanado is going to lead the Filipino

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independence movement against Spain. He

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fights alongside the United States,

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assuming that independence will be

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granted after the war. This doesn't

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happen. So a brutal guerilla war known

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as the Philippineamean War is going to

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take place. It lasts from 1899 to 1902.

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And the United States is going to win

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and keep control. And there's going to

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be no formal independence for the

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Philippines until after 1946. Again, the

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big idea is the United States is going

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to pursue an imperialist expansionist

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policy during this time. Let's also take

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a look at China. The US wants access to

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markets in China, but other nations had

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already carved out spheres of influence.

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So in 1899, the US Secretary of State

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John Haye is going to declare the open

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door policy. The idea that all countries

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should have equal trading privileges in

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China. Obviously, the Chinese will not

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like this increased foreign influence.

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They're going to fight the Boxer

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Rebellion, but do not win. Again, we see

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imperialism at work here. So Roosevelt

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is going to become president after

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McKinley is assassinated. And the big

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idea here is that he's going to pursue

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an expansionist policy. He asserts this

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idea of the big stick diplomacy, which

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promoted diplomacy, but stated that the

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US shouldn't be afraid to use force. And

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we're really going to see this with the

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Panama Canal. The US wants to build this

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to cut travel time for both trade and

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military. The US will ask Colombia, the

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current owner of Panama at this time, to

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build a canal. However, this treaty is

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rejected. So, the US backs Panama's

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independence. A revolution occurs,

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ultimately creating the Hey Bunau

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Verilla Treaty, which allowed the US to

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build the Panama Canal in exchange for

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protection. Again, we see imperialism at

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work. Let's also cover the Roosevelt

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correlary. Recall that the Monroe

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doctrine all the way back in 1823 is

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going to warn Europe to stay out of the

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Western Hemisphere and no one's going to

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challenge this. Well, during this time,

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Latin American countries are going to

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owe Europe money. So, Europe is going to

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send in warships to collect this money

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and the US is concerned that Europe is

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going to keep intervening. So the US is

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going to issue the Roosevelt correlary

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which stated that the US has the right

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to intervene and police Latin America

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and this will be used as justification

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when later presidents send troops to

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Latin America which continues to strain

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relations between Latin America and the

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United States. Again imperialism at

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work. Roosevelt also does some stuff in

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East Asia. So because of the

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RussoJapanese war, there's going to be

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growing US concerns over the increasing

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power of Japan. And in 1908, the US and

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Japan are going to have what's known as

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a gentleman's agreement. Pretty much

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there's nivist laws in California

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because of a growing fear of this yellow

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pearl. In fact, San Francisco is going

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to have segregated schools for Asians.

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And Japan is deeply offended by these

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laws. So Roosevelt and Japan are going

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to strike a secret agreement. Japan will

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secretly restrict Japanese immigration

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while the US would pressure California

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to repeal these racist laws. And to

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symbolize America's growing power,

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Roosevelt is going to send the great

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white fleet, a fleet of battleships

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around the world to demonstrate US

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power. And a key idea to keep in mind

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later is that McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft,

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and Wilson are all going to push for

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more US involvement in global affairs.

Progressivism

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Now, we're going to cover progressivism.

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So, the key idea is that the progressive

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movement is going to emerge as a

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counterreaction to the abuses of big

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business, growing inequality, and the

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social issues of the guilded age. Recall

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how last unit we saw that

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industrialization, urbanization, and

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immigration all create a lot of problems

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for society, and the progressive

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movement is really going to push for the

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use of government power to reform

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society. They're going to reject this

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idea of lazair. But keep in mind the

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progressives aren't super radical. They

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just want reform. Another big idea is

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that the progressive movement was very

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diverse. It will mainly be driven by

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middle-class men and women. But you also

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have other people like Protestant church

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leaders, politicians, unions, women,

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African-Americans, and others. And for

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complexity, I will compare this to other

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periods of great reform like in the Asia

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reform in the 1830s and the New Deal

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later on. Key to the progressive

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movement were muckreers who were

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journalists that exposed problems in

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society. There's four that you should

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know. You have Ida Tarbo who writes

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history of Standard Oil Company that

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expose monopolies. Jacob Ree is going to

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write How the Other Half Lives, which

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exposed the horrors of the tenementss

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and slum life. Lincoln Stephins writes

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The Shame of the Cities, which exposed

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political machines. And Upton Sinclair

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is going to write The Jungle, exposing

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the meat industry and also advocates for

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socialism. Another key idea is that

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women are going to play a critical role

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in the progressive movement. And this is

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really going to counter the cult of

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domesticity. Some examples are the

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National Child Labor Committee, which

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fought against child labor, as well as

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the National Consumers League, which was

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led by Florence Kelly, which pushed for

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the rights of women at work or

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anti-child labor, and others. You should

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also know Müller versus Oregon, which

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limits women's work hours to 10 hours,

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and the triangle shirt waist factory is

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going to kill 146, and it's going to

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spark a lot of activism for better

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working conditions. And these are just

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some of the examples where women are

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really going to lead the progressive

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movement. We're going to see a lot more

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later on. for urban reform. Recall that

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urbanization caused a lot of problems

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including urban poverty, tenementss,

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corruption, and alcoholism. And to

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address these, we're going to see the

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rise of what's known as settlement

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houses. The two people that you must

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know for this are Florence Kelly as well

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as Jane Adams and her whole house.

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There's also a lot of reforms against

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political machines. We're going to start

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seeing municipal reform when voters

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directly elect the heads of city

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departments, including the fire chief,

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police chief, and others. There's state

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reforms, too. During this time, we're

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going to see progressive governors

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fighting against corporate control of

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state legislatores. And the big guy here

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is going to be Governor Robert Lafolet.

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And he's going to be the Wisconsin

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governor and a massive reformer. He

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really pushes for this Wisconsin idea

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where he uses university professors and

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their ideas to drive reform. Lafallet is

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going to regulate public utilities,

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fights big railroad, implements tax

9:30

reforms, and reforms politics, too. So,

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lots and lots of reforms. So, speaking

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of political reforms, let's quickly go

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over some. The big idea is that

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political reformers wanted to restore

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democracy and reduce corporate

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influence, ultimately working to restore

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faith in the American political system.

9:45

Recall how the guilded age had a lot of

9:47

corruption and that really causes people

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to lose trust in the government,

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something that the reformers sought to

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address. So, we're going to see the use

9:53

of the secret ballot, the direct

9:55

primary, recalls, initiatives, and

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referendums, as well as the 17th

9:59

amendment. Hopefully, you remember some

10:01

of these from unit 6. There's some moral

10:03

reforms, too, specifically temperance.

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The big idea is that there's going to be

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a lot of division over temperance. You

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have some people who support it and some

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who don't. This is also an immigrant

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issue. Protestant natives want

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temperance while Catholic immigrants

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don't. Temperance is also an issue of

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location. Rural areas want prohibition

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while urban centers typically didn't.

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Major temperance groups include the

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Women's Christian Temperance Union,

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which advocated for personal

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prohibition, you know, having its

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members take oaths to not drink. There's

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also the Anti- Saloon League, which

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pushed for prohibition on a national

10:32

level through legislation. One person

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that you should know is Carrie Nation,

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who is an absolute menace. She's going

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to walk through bars with a Bible and a

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hatchet, just splitting open any alcohol

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containers. She survives multiple

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attacks and fines and just keeps going

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at it. Now, let's look at the domestic

10:46

policies of Roosevelt. So, the big idea

10:47

here is that Roosevelt and the other

10:49

progressive presidents are going to

10:50

believe in expanded role of the

10:52

president. So, who are the progressive

10:53

presidents? They're going to be Theodore

10:55

Roosevelt, Taft, and Woodro Wilson. Now,

10:57

let's cover the domestic policies of

10:59

Roosevelt. Again, he's going to believe

11:01

in an expanded role of president. And

11:02

this is best exemplified by the coal

11:04

miner strike of 1902. Roosevelt is going

11:06

to gather union organizations and the

11:08

mine owners to strike a deal. The mine

11:10

owners don't want to cooperate. So

11:12

Roosevelt is going to side with the

11:13

workers and threatens to run the mines

11:15

with federal troops instead, forcing the

11:17

mine owners to strike a deal with the

11:18

unions. This is a stark contrast to the

11:20

great railroad strike of 1877 with Hayes

11:22

and the Pullman strike with Cleveland

11:24

where the president backed up the

11:26

businesses. And central to Roosevelt's

11:28

domestic policies is going to be the

11:29

square deal. Use the three C's to help

11:31

you remember this. It's going to be the

11:33

corporations, consumers, and

11:34

conservation. So, let's cover the square

11:36

deal. Starting with corporations. Recall

11:38

how the Sherman Antitrust Act is very

11:40

ineffective. In fact, it's actually

11:42

going to be used to break up labor

11:43

unions. Roosevelt is going to take

11:45

matters into his own hands and becomes

11:47

known as the Trustbuster, which also

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shows our big idea that progressive

11:50

presidents expanded their executive

11:52

power. Roosevelt is going to break up

11:53

the Northern Securities Company, a

11:55

powerful railroad monopoly. It's

11:57

important to keep in mind that Roosevelt

11:58

does actually to distinguish between

11:59

good trusts and bad trusts. Good trusts,

12:02

he said, help consumers by being

12:04

efficient and lowering prices while bad

12:06

trusts for consumers and stifled

12:07

competition. Roosevelt also increases

12:09

the power of the ICC, which would deal

12:10

with interstate commerce, including

12:12

railroads. Recall how the ICC was also

12:14

initially ineffective. The Elkins Act is

12:17

going to be passed, which increased the

12:18

penalties for rate rebates, and the

12:20

Heper Act is going to be passed, which

12:21

stated the ICC can set maximum rates of

12:24

railroads. So there's going to be a lot

12:25

of reform in controlling corporations.

12:28

Now consumer protection. Recall that

12:29

lazair capitalism in the guilded age

12:31

meant that there were very few

12:32

protections for consumers. However, the

12:34

jungle is really going to spark public

12:36

pressure for consumer protections.

12:37

Congress will narrowly pass the meat

12:39

inspection act in 1906 which allowed the

12:41

federal government to oversee and

12:43

regulate the meat industry. I say

12:44

narrowly passed because the meat

12:46

industry will obviously lobby against

12:47

this. Additionally, the pure food and

12:49

drug act is going to be passed. This

12:51

creates the Food and Drug Administration

12:52

and also protects the public against the

12:54

manufacturer, sale, and transportation

12:56

of mislabeled food and drugs. Finally,

12:58

conservation. Conservation isn't a major

13:00

national issue right now, but will be

13:02

considered Roosevelt's biggest

13:03

achievement. You have groups like the

13:05

Sierra Club led by John Mir, who wanted

13:07

to preserve the environment. Recall that

13:09

preservation is different from

13:10

conservation. Roosevelt is going to use

13:12

the Forest Reserve Act passed before him

13:14

to protect 150 million acres of land.

13:16

And in the New Lands Reclamation Act,

13:18

the sale of public land would fund

13:20

irrigation projects in the west, which

13:21

would help settle the region. Roosevelt

13:23

is going to step down in 1908 and picks

13:25

Taft as his successor. And Taft is going

13:27

to actually break up even more trusts

13:29

than Roosevelt and will continue the

13:30

conservationist policies. One thing that

13:32

you should know is TA foreign policy

13:34

known as dollar diplomacy. This is going

13:36

to encourage US businesses to invest in

13:38

areas of US strategic interests, which

13:41

would promote US interests without using

13:43

force. And this ties back into the idea

13:45

of expanding US global influence in

13:47

imperialism. However, the Republican

13:49

party will also become divided during

13:51

TA's presidency. Taff will back the

13:52

Payne Aldridge tariff which raises the

13:54

terrorists angering progressives. The

13:56

big one though is going to be the Pincho

13:58

Ballinger controversy where Taft fires

14:00

the chief of Forest Service Gifford

14:01

Pincho who was Roosevelt's homie after

14:04

he criticized the secretary of interior

14:06

Ballinger who Taft liked. And Pincho

14:08

does this because Ballinger opened up

14:09

public lands in Alaska to private

14:11

development which seemed like the

14:13

administration had sold out on

14:14

conservationism. Now in the election of

14:16

1912, a divided Republican party is

14:18

going to allow Woodro Wilson, a

14:19

Democrat, to win. This is kind of

14:21

similar to how Lincoln wins his

14:22

presidency in 1860. Taft is going to be

14:25

the Republican nominee. Teddy Roosevelt

14:27

is going to form a new political party

14:28

called the Bull Moose Party and pushes

14:30

for this idea of new nationalism where

14:32

the government would be very active in

14:34

pursuing a wide range of reform. and

14:36

Woodro Wilson is going to be the

14:37

Democrat nominee and his campaign was

14:39

the new freedom campaign which sought to

14:41

defeat the triple wall of privilege.

14:43

Ultimately Wilson comes out on top. So

14:45

what was this triple wall of privilege

14:46

that Wilson wanted to knock down? This

14:48

is going to consist of terrorists,

14:50

trusts and banks. So first terrorists.

14:52

The Underwood tariff is going to be

14:54

passed and this is going to be the first

14:55

major tariff reduction for the first

14:57

time in 50 years. Again the excessively

15:00

high tariffs at this time hurt consumers

15:02

which is why this was considered

15:03

progressive. Next, trusts. Wilson is

15:06

going to create the Federal Trade

15:07

Commission or the FTC, and this would

15:09

investigate monopolies. Keep in mind

15:11

that this would exempt labor unions from

15:13

being prosecuted. The big one, though,

15:15

is going to be the Clayton Antitrust

15:16

Act, which increased the power of the

15:18

Sherman Antitrust Act. And finally, you

15:20

had banks. Wilson is going to pass the

15:22

Federal Reserve Act, which allowed the

15:23

federal government to regulate the money

15:25

supply, increasing and decreasing it as

15:27

needed. And this is going to be spurred

15:29

on by the panic of 1907, where the

15:30

problems of its tight money supply

15:32

showed itself. Finally, you had the 16th

15:34

amendment which created a graduated

15:35

income tax. So, what about

15:37

African-Americans? Will they finally

15:38

receive the justice they deserve?

15:40

Unfortunately, the big idea is that

15:42

progressive reforms will not advance the

15:43

cause of liberty, equality, and

15:45

democracy for African-Americans.

15:47

African-Americans were largely ignored

15:48

by progressive presidents, and there's

15:50

going to be very little protest to the

15:51

rise of lynching or Jim Crow laws

15:53

established by Pi B Ferguson. As such,

15:55

African-Americans will largely advocate

15:57

for themselves during this time. Again,

15:58

the two people that you should know are

16:00

Booker T. Washington and Web Dubois.

16:02

There's also IdaB Wells who pushes for

16:04

an anti-ynching campaign and women's

16:06

suffrage. So what about women? The big

16:08

idea is that women were not always

16:10

supported by progressive reformers even

16:12

though they were critical to the

16:13

progressive movement. In fact, Woodro

16:14

Wilson will not advocate for women's

16:16

suffrage. So women are going to advocate

16:18

on their own. We see the formation of

16:19

NASA in 1890 and under the leadership of

16:22

Carrie Chapman Cat, this organization is

16:24

going to push for a state-by-state

16:26

strategy of obtaining women's suffrage.

16:27

The idea was that if enough states

16:29

allowed women's suffrage, then national

16:31

politicians would have no choice but to

16:33

support it as well. There's also the

16:34

National Women's Party with Alice Paul.

16:36

She will actually break with NASA

16:38

pushing for a national amendment for

16:39

women's suffrage and is much more

16:41

militant. For example, they protest in

16:42

front of the White House during World

16:44

War I. Ultimately, the 19th amendment is

16:46

eventually passed, finally giving women

16:48

the right to vote. Now, Wilson's foreign

16:50

policy known as moral diplomacy. Recall

16:52

our previous big idea. The United States

16:54

during this time period is going to

16:56

pursue an expansionist imperialist

16:57

policy. And we're going to see this with

16:59

Roosevelt's big stick diplomacy as well

17:01

as Taft's dollar diplomacy. However,

17:03

Wilson is going to pivot a little with

17:04

moral diplomacy. He wants to promote

17:06

democracy to other countries, but also

17:08

pursue less imperialistic policies. For

17:11

example, he's going to improve relations

17:12

with Panama and the Philippines.

17:14

However, Wilson will not be afraid to

17:16

intervene. And we're going to see that

17:17

with Mexico. Let's run it down real

17:19

quick. So, Horta is going to come to

17:21

power after a revolution. And Wilson

17:23

doesn't really like this guy and doesn't

17:24

recognize his government. Wilson is

17:26

going to order an arms embargo and is

17:27

going to aid revolutionaries against

17:29

Horta. US soldiers are going to be

17:31

arrested at Tampico and the US Navy is

17:33

going to occupy the Mexican port

17:35

Veraracruz and Panchcho Villa is going

17:37

to lead raids across the border killing

17:38

Americans. And so Wilson is going to

17:40

send General John J. Persing into Mexico

17:43

to arrest him. The US and Mexico are

17:45

very very close to war. But World War I

17:47

was brewing up and Wilson ultimately

17:49

withdraws troops. Now, let's cover World

World War I

17:51

War I. So, you don't need to know the

17:53

causes of the war, but here they

17:57

are. What you will need to know is US

18:00

neutrality. The key idea is that while

18:02

the United States tries to remain

18:03

neutral during the war, the United

18:05

States is never completely neutral and

18:07

US neutrality will be challenged. So,

18:09

first, the US is actually never

18:10

completely neutral and is invested in

18:12

the Allied cause. Well, why is this?

18:14

Well, the United States has a stronger

18:16

cultural connection to the Allies.

18:17

There's also a strong anti-German

18:19

sentiment. They're seen as the aggressor

18:21

and there's a lot of anti-German

18:23

propaganda coming from England and

18:24

France and Germany isn't democratic.

18:26

Ultimately, American manufacturers and

18:29

bankers are going to be invested in the

18:30

Allied cause through trade and loans.

18:32

British Navy kind of blocks off trade

18:34

with Germany. So, the US couldn't really

18:35

get there anyways. The other big idea is

18:37

that US neutrality will be challenged.

18:39

Here's how. There's going to be the

18:40

sinking of the Lucatania, a British

18:42

passenger ship with Americans on board.

18:43

And this sinks because of German

18:45

unrestricted submarine warfare. The US

18:47

is obviously outraged and Germany

18:49

pledges not to sink any more ships. They

18:51

then sink the Sussex a year later and

18:53

this pushes the US very close to war. In

18:55

Germany's Sussex pledge, Germany

18:57

promises to not sink any more ships

18:58

without warning. Then you have the

19:00

Zimmerman note where Germany asks Mexico

19:02

to invade the United States and would

19:03

help them recover lost territory. This

19:05

is going to be intercepted by the

19:06

British and is never delivered to

19:08

Mexico. And because of all of these

19:09

threats to US neutrality and the fact

19:11

that US was already invested in the

19:13

Allied cause, the US will ultimately

19:15

enter World War I on the Allied side.

19:17

It's interesting to note that Wilson's

19:18

re-election bid was that he kept the

19:20

United States out of war. But then this

19:22

changed less than a year later where

19:23

Wilson asks Congress to join World War I

19:26

to quote make the world safe for

19:28

democracy. Wilson really believes that

19:30

this is going to be the war to end all

19:31

wars and he wants to be a part of

19:33

postwar negotiations. The big idea is

19:35

that during World War I, the US economy

19:37

and society will revamp to mobilize for

19:39

war. We see this with the selective

19:41

service act which was a draft for

19:43

soldiers. The main American fighting

19:44

force is the American Expeditionary

19:46

Force led by Persing. Additionally, the

19:48

war is going to be financed by war bonds

19:50

and income tax from the 16th amendment.

19:51

Another big idea is that the federal

19:53

government and big business will work

19:55

together to mobilize for war. Keep this

19:57

in mind because it will be important

19:58

later when the American people feel like

19:59

World War I was fought because of the

20:01

greed of the arms industry. More on that

20:03

next unit. Anyways, we see the National

20:05

War Labor Board, which was created to

20:06

prevent strikes and mediate labor

20:08

disputes. Keep in mind, not all labor

20:10

unions will like this. The American

20:11

Federation of Labor supports the war

20:13

effort, while the Industrial Workers of

20:15

the World will oppose the war effort and

20:16

go on strike during wartime production.

20:18

The War Industries Board is going to set

20:20

production priorities and the US Food

20:22

Administration, led by future President

20:24

Herbert Hoover, will encourage

20:25

rationing. Additionally, there's more

20:27

support for the 18th Amendment during

20:28

this time, and this resulted from a need

20:30

to ration as well as heavy anti-German

20:32

sentiment. So, how does the war impact

20:34

society? Well, we're going to say that

20:35

civil liberties are going to be greatly

20:37

reduced. There's the committee of public

20:39

information led by George Creo, which

20:40

worked to create wartime propaganda for

20:42

the American people. The Espionage Act

20:44

is passed, which states that you cannot

20:45

interfere with the draft or the war

20:46

effort. The Sedition Act is also passed

20:48

prohibiting people from criticizing the

20:50

government. Supreme Court case that you

20:51

should know is Shank versus the United

20:53

States, where socialist Charles Shank

20:55

was passing out flyers opposing the

20:56

draft and was arrested. Shank argues for

20:58

his first amendment rights, but the

21:00

Supreme Court ruled that the First

21:01

Amendment rights can be restricted if it

21:03

poses a clear and present danger. And

21:05

for complexity, we're going to see that

21:06

civil liberties are frequently

21:07

restricted in the name of national

21:08

security during war and times of crisis.

21:11

For example, we saw the passage of the

21:12

Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798 by the

21:15

Adams administration amidst fears of war

21:17

with France. We also see Lincoln

21:18

suspended the writ of habius corpus in

21:20

1861 during the civil war. And after

21:22

9/11, we also see the Patriot Act which

21:24

increased government surveillance. Now,

21:26

let's cover World War I's impact on

21:28

society. The big idea is that World War

21:30

I will have a significant impact on

21:32

society, especially for minority groups.

21:34

First trend that we see is the first

21:35

Great Migration, where African-Americans

21:37

moved to northern cities for factory

21:39

jobs because of the labor shortage

21:40

during the war. They also do this to

21:41

escape Jim Crow laws. Additionally,

21:43

about 400,000 African-Americans serve in

21:45

segregated units, which some hoped could

21:47

bring greater equality back at home.

21:49

Obviously, this doesn't happen. Race

21:50

riots are going to break out in 1919.

21:52

Mexican immigrants are also going to

21:54

play a significant role in migrant farm

21:55

work because of the labor shortage and

21:57

women are going to play a critical role

21:58

in factory jobs as the men get drafted.

22:01

In fact, they are so important that the

22:02

19th amendment is largely passed thanks

22:04

to the significant contributions of

22:05

women on the home front. Now, let's talk

22:07

about the post-war settlement. So, the

22:09

big thing to note is Wilson's 14 points

22:11

of which were highly idealistic. He's

22:13

going to push for the freedom of the

22:14

seas. more free trade, military

22:16

reduction, no more colonies, no more

22:18

secret alliances, and most importantly,

22:20

an international peacekeeping body known

22:22

as the League of Nations. The big idea

22:24

is that while the United States wanted

22:25

peace, the other nations will want

22:27

revenge. After all, the US didn't carry

22:29

the brunt of the war. So, the US isn't

22:31

highly inclined to seek revenge. Other

22:32

countries like France and England will

22:34

though. So, what happens at the Treaty

22:36

of Versail? Well, the 14 points will

22:37

largely be rejected. However, the League

22:39

of Nations will be created, but the US

22:41

ultimately doesn't join. Germany is

22:42

forced to accept the war guilt clause

22:44

which stated that Germany takes all the

22:46

blame for the war demonstrating the idea

22:47

that the treaty of resides sought

22:49

revenge not peace and as you know

22:51

Germany will be forced to pay impossible

22:53

reparations and this leads directly to

22:55

the rise of Hitler and World War II. You

22:57

should also know the controversy over

22:58

the League of Nations. After the war,

23:00

there's a strong isolationist sentiment

23:01

in the American public. This even goes

23:03

all the way back to Washington's

23:04

farewell address which established the

23:06

tradition of isolationism. Additionally,

23:08

Congress didn't want article 10 of the

23:10

League of Nations, which would require

23:11

intervention in foreign wars if a member

23:13

nation was attacked. So ultimately, the

23:15

US doesn't join the League of Nations,

23:16

even though Wilson created it. And a big

23:18

idea to keep in mind is that many regard

23:20

the withdrawal from the League of

23:21

Nations as a withdrawal from

23:23

international affairs in the 1920s. That

23:25

is all for APish Unit 7 review. If you

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