ANSC 221_PPT14_Vaccinations (1)
Page 1: Introduction
Course Title: ANSC 221 Equine Handling & Safety
Professor: Sarah Schobert
Institution: Texas A&M University
Focus: Vaccinations
Page 2: Immune System Overview
Definition: Body’s defense against foreign substances.
Targets: Bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and parasites.
Function: Attacks foreign substances and maintains a memory of invaders for quick response in future exposures.
Page 3: Key Concepts in Immunology
Immunity: Horse's ability to stay healthy despite disease exposure.
Immunology: Study of the immune system's response.
Immunization: Preparation that induces immunity without causing disease.
Page 4: Immune System Functions
Normal cells marked if infected by viruses, triggering immune response.
Recognizes and eliminates:
Abnormal cells (mutant, cancer).
Page 5: Immune Responses
Two general responses:
Activation of cells to destroy harmful cells through cell-to-cell interaction.
Activation of other cells to produce antibodies that neutralize pathogens.
Page 6: Antigens vs. Antibodies
Antigen: Substance that induces an immune response.
Antibody (Immunoglobulin): Large protein that neutralizes pathogens, binds to specific antigens.
Page 7: Antibody Function
Recognizes foreign molecules and binds to toxins.
Prevents viral infection by covering attachment sites on cells.
Page 8: Types of Antibodies
Immunoglobulin classes:
IgG: Most abundant, primary defense.
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE: Each with distinct functions and properties.
Page 9: Newborn Foals and Immunity
Born without antibodies; need colostrum for immunity.
Colostrum must be absorbed within the first 24 hours for passive immunity.
Page 10: Importance of Colostrum
Colostrum absorption occurs in the small intestine; critical within the first 12 hours.
IgG test advised at 24 hours post-birth:
Greater than 800 mg/dl ideal.
Below 400 mg/dl indicates failure of passive transfer.
Page 11: Challenges to Colostrum Availability
Issues may include:
Mare dying, poor-quality colostrum, leakage before foaling.
Solutions include:
Frozen colostrum storage, other mares, plasma transfusions.
Page 12: Vaccinations and Active Immunity
Active immunity: Horse generates its own antibodies after exposure to an antigen (via vaccines).
Vaccine types:
Killed organisms
Modified live organisms.
Page 13: Characteristics of Ideal Vaccines
Should:
Prevent disease
Effectively stimulate immune response
Provide durable immunity with minimal doses
Be safe, stable, economical.
Page 14: Definition of Disease
Any condition impairing normal physiological functions, leading to:
Increased costs and reduced performance.
Page 15: Types of Diseases
Infectious diseases: Caused by pathogens (bacterial, viral).
Non-infectious diseases: Environmental, nutritional, genetic factors.
Page 16: Injection Techniques
Consideration of anatomy: muscles, nerves, and ligaments are crucial in injection site selection.
Rubbing alcohol requires time to sterilize effectively.
Page 17: Types of Injections
Intramuscular (IM): Direct injection into muscle.
Subcutaneous (Sub Q): Injection into the skin layer beneath the dermis.
Intravenous (IV): Direct delivery into the vein.
Page 18: Needle Size and Techniques
Use new needles for each horse.
Needle gauge:
Larger for thick solutions (18 gauge).
Smaller for watery solutions (20 gauge).
Common sizes for IM shots: 1.5 inches for mature horses, 1 inch for foals.
Page 19: Procedures for IM Injection
Separate needle from syringe.
Quickly insert needle perpendicular to the skin.
Aspirate to confirm placement before administering.
Page 20: Procedures for IV Injection
Use a 1-inch needle at the jugular groove.
Insert the needle flat against the neck.
Pull back on the plunger to confirm venous placement and administer dose.
Page 21: Variability in Vaccination Practices
Frequency and type of vaccinations vary based on geographic location, outbreaks, and environmental factors.
Page 22: Vaccination for Tetanus
Tetanus Toxoid:
Administer as initial doses 3-4 weeks apart with annual boosters.
Broodmares: last dose 4-6 weeks prepartum.
Page 23: Tetanus Antitoxin
Recommended for unimmunized or unknown vaccination status horses post injury.
Administer alongside toxoid at separate sites.
Page 24: Vaccines for EEE, WEE, VEE
Administered as initial doses followed by boosters based on environment and exposure risk.
Discuss with veterinarians for specific timing in high-risk areas.
Page 25: West Nile Vaccine
High effectiveness rate (95%) with annual boosters recommended, possibly semiannual in high-risk areas.
Page 26: Rhinopneumonitis Vaccine
Modified live and killed vaccines available.
Booster frequency varies based on horse use and pregnancy.
Page 27: Influenza Vaccine
Multiple manufacturers provide varying dosage and booster schedules depending on the horse’s activity level.
Page 28: Strangles Vaccination Schedule
Combination of intranasal and intramuscular vaccines.
Initial series and subsequent boosters recommended to provide adequate protection.
Page 29: Rabies Vaccine
Annual boosters for all classes of horses, first doses as early as 3-4 months depending on the mare's vaccination status.
Page 30: Potomac Horse Fever Vaccine
Recommendations based on mare's pregnancy and high-risk situations for horses.
Page 31: Botulism Vaccine
Administer toxoid and antitoxin at critical times for foals born to vaccinated and unvaccinated mares.
Page 32: EPM Preventative Measures
Administer initial doses along with annual boosters under evaluation - conditional license.
Page 33: Combo Vaccines
Used for efficiency in protecting against multiple diseases at once.
E.g., West Nile Innovator + EWT, various pricing based on vaccines.
Page 34: Summary of Combo Vaccine Pricing
Varies based on contents and manufacturer, with specific combinations outlined to target relevant equine diseases.