Untitled Flashcard Set

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the components of a language, from the smallest or most specific to the broadest?
A) phoneme → syntax → semantics
B) syntax → semantics → phoneme
C) phoneme → semantics → syntax
D) syntax → phoneme → semantics : A

Which of the following language acquisition stages or phenomena is correctly matched with an illustrative example?
A) babbling—"Goo goo, ga ga."
B) telegraphic speech—"I ran from the library to the bus stop."
C) overgeneralization—"Daddy has come home."
D) overgeneralization—"Drawing house" : A

Some theorists argue that a critical period exists for language that can be characterized by which of the following?
A) It is the period of transition between one-word and two-word utterances.
B) It is the period in which children are particularly sensitive to language cues and most easily acquire language.
C) It is the period in which children communicate nonverbally and have trouble acquiring language.
D) It is the period during childhood that involves learning to write in one's language. : B

Tina is 6 months old, Vincenzo is 2 years and 7 months old, and Wayne is 3 years and 6 months old. Which alternative below correctly pairs each child with the appropriate language acquisition stage or phenomenon?
A) Tina—overgeneralization; Vincenzo—babbling; Wayne—telegraphic speech
B) Tina—babbling; Vincenzo—telegraphic speech; Wayne—overgeneralization
C) Tina—telegraphic speech; Vincenzo—babbling; Wayne—overgeneralization
D) Tina—babbling; Vincenzo—overgeneralization; Wayne—telegraphic speech : B

Ken is able to form many possible versions and visions of what characteristics a God or other deity may have. He has clearly capable of
A) conservation
B) constructing an imaginary audience
C) object permanence
D) hypothetical thinking : D

Jerry is not able to tie his shoes on his own, but he is able to tie his shoes with the help of his father. Which of the following theories best explains the interaction between Jerry and his father?
A) Mary Ainsworth’s theory of attachment, because it focuses on whether a child has a secure or insecure attachment
B) Lev Vygotsky’s social learning theory, because it focuses on whether a child has a secure or insecure attachment
C) Lev Vygotsky’s social learning theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development
D) Konrad Lorenz’s theory, because it includes the concept of imprinting : C

Max is a graduate student who wants to find a relation between identity formation and the influence of the environment. For this purpose, he interviews a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 11-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds, and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a ________ research method.
A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) single-case experimental
D) sequential : B

Mary Ainsworth’s research indicates that a toddler with a secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time?
A) Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns
B) Cry when left and continue to cry until the mother returns
C) Not notice when the mother leaves and not seek attention from the mother when she returns
D) Play happily when the mother leaves but exhibit anger and rejection toward the mother when she returns : A

Which of the following is an example of longitudinal research?
A) Dr. Lee has been conducting surveys among people aged between 30 and 50 to find ways to keep them away from a sedentary lifestyle.
B) Dr. Stewart has been studying a group of people every 15 years since they were 10 to understand how the quality of child care correlates with personality impairments.
C) Dr. Coleman has been observing three groups of men of different ages but similar occupations and the same social class to study the incidence of cognitive impairment.
D) Dr. Filch has been studying three groups of children aged 5, 10, and 15 to understand their problem-solving capabilities. : B

Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding onto her leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. In fact, he starts kicking and hitting her. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth, which term best describes Adam’s attachment style?
A) disorganized
B) ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) secure : B

Maura and Trish are eighth graders who have been caught smoking. Maura’s parents yell at her and refuse to let her explain things. They ground her for a month and take away her television and Internet privileges for two months. Trish’s parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern; additionally, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library, researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. Most likely, Maura’s parents are ________ and Trish’s are ________.
A) permissive; authoritative
B) authoritarian; permissive
C) authoritarian; authoritative
D) authoritative; permissive : C

One baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and an X chromosome from its father; it will develop as a ________. A second baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and a Y chromosome from its father; it will develop as a ________.
A) male; female
B) female; male
C) both will be female
D) both will be male : B

Walter’s parents strongly believe that Walter should make his own decisions, so they set very few rules regarding homework, bedtime, and household chores. Since they believe that freedom and responsibility are important, they patiently tolerate all of Walter’s behavior, whether childish or mature. The parenting style adopted by Walter’s parents is called
A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) uninvolved. : B

Piaget proposed which of the following in relation to his cognitive stages of development?
A) He suggested that movement from one stage to the next occurs when a child reaches an appropriate level of maturation and is exposed to relevant types of experiences.
B) He maintained that the stages of development differed only in the quantity of information acquired at each stage and not in the quality of knowledge and understanding.
C) He proposed that our genetic inheritance predisposes us to respond in particular ways to our environment and even to seek out particular kinds of environments.
D) He stressed the role of heredity and maturation—the unfolding of biologically predetermined patterns of behavior—in producing developmental change. : A

Dr. Arceneaux has developed several alternative plans to increase the number of online practice quizzes his students complete. Which plan below is incorrectly matched with the related schedule?
A) 1 bonus point for every two online practice quizzes completed—fixed-ratio
B) 1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if two or more quizzes have been completed—variable-interval
C) 1 bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average) if two or more quizzes have been completed recently—variable-ratio
D) 1 bonus point awarded randomly, either for every 2 online quizzes taken or 2 bonus points for all those students who have taken the test within the first week—variable-interval : C

Ramona takes her 4-year-old daughter to a park. While her daughter plays in the sand pit, Ramona sits and chats with her friends. When she hears two girls fighting, she does not worry as she recognizes that it is not her daughter’s voice. The given scenario illustrates
A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) extinction.
D) latent learning. : B

Every time Danny walks by the McDonald’s in his neighborhood and sees the golden arches, he finds himself salivating even though he doesn’t even smell the food. This is an example of
A) higher-order conditioning
B) serial conditioning
C) an unconditioned stimulus
D) extinction : A

Which of the following best illustrates vicarious learning as described in Bandura’s social-cognitive theory?
A) A child learns to solve math problems by practicing repeatedly and receiving feedback.
B) A teenager stops speeding after seeing a friend receive a traffic ticket for driving too fast.
C) A student improves their test performance by using flashcards to memorize key terms.
D) A dog learns to sit after being rewarded with a treat each time it follows the command. : B

Identify the type of consequence that is correctly matched with an example.
A) positive reinforcement—Harvey is suspended when he vandalizes school property.
B) negative reinforcement—Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to sprinkle so he won’t get wet.
C) positive punishment—Jacqueline’s teacher puts a cute sticker on an arithmetic exercise completed without mistakes.
D) negative punishment—Tommy receives a written reprimand from his boss following a series of customer complaints. : B

Four-year-old Rebecca states that the two lines in set A have the same number of dots but that the second line in set B has more dots than the first line has. Rebecca’s inability to report that the two rows in set B contain the same number of dots reflects a lack of
A) theory of mind
B) conservation
C) object permanence
D) abstract reasoning : B