who said we got no wata in africa 🔥🔥🔥

Africa

• Considered by scientists as origin of early humans

• Multi-regional theory - people originated from different places.

• Out of Africa theory - people originated from Africa ( more accepted theory by scientists )

• Egyptian civilization flourished in North Africa

• Modern humans lived in sub-Saharan Africa

Kingdoms of Kush

• City state of Kerma

  • Economy consisted of agriculture, hunting, herding, making ceramics and metal products.

• City state of Napata

  • Center of Kush in the period of New Kingdom in Egypt 

• City state of Meroe

  • Became center of Kushite civilization

  • Had fertile land

  • Near gold and bronze mines

  • Had ports used as trade routes

Kingdom of Aksum

• Reigned in the present day nations of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia

• Livelihood has farming, herding, and trade. 

• They exchanged gold and ivory for products

• Has its own currency and First to embrace Christianity

The Ghana Empire

• Started by the Soninke People

• They built a community, established the ghana empire, Kublai Saleh was the capital.

• Kumbli Saleh - half business center with Muslim majority, Half is king’s residence and center of Soninke culture.

• They were known for trading salt and gold

• Their ruler (ghana) was known as “King of Gold”

• He controlled how much metal was mined and sold

• Taxed goods in Ghana, funds are used to support official and lifestyle of royals.

• King was considered a god and people’s spiritual guide

• Kings recognized Muslim’s contributions in trade and government, but they don't accept Islam

• Muslims from North Africa conquered Ghana in 1054, Soninke recaptured in ( 1076 i think )

• Internal Warfare destroyed it.

• Mandingo group conquered Ghana, started Mali Empire

The Mali Empire

• Ghana was taken by Modingo, people of Mali

• Islam faith spread

• Timbuktu became center of Islamic trade and culture

• Sundiata became king and expanded the kingdom

• They started a base and laid foundation for future

• Mali gained control of caravan trade routes and revenues from trade

• Abu Bakari II, a ruler of Mali, dreamed of reaching sea and exploring the world

• Order a fleet set sail and to not come back until they reached the end of ocean

• Only one ship came back

• Then lead a 2nd expedition and was never heard from again

• Mansa Musa, brother of Abu Bakari, lead Mali to peak of its power

• Made a pilgrimage, displayed his wealth using 12000 slaves, 50000 oz of gold

Songhai Empire

• Biggest empire among the three

• Grew stronger while Mali weakened

• Sunni Ali captured Timbuktu, Askia Mohammed took the throne in 1493

• Territories in an Islamic empire was united by launching wars

• Last great Sudanic empire due to Morocco’s invasion

• Famous as center of Muslim studies and culture

Africa is the 2nd largest continent

• Africa is the home of the Egyptian civilization

Nile River is the longest river in the world

• Helped Egyptians in agriculture

• “Grace of Nile” - The Nile river overflows and creates fertile land

First 2 kingdoms is upper and lower egypt

• Upper egypt - northern place where Nile overflows

• Lower egypt - southern place which is higher in terrain

King Menes united both kingdoms

• He came from Upper egypt

Memphis was the capital of the Old Kingdom

• It was a island with a river

Aside from kings, pharaohs were regarded as gods

• Absolute ruler of egypt is the pharaoh

• They held unlimited power

Thebes was the capital of the Middle Kingdom

• Began as a egyptian noble which grew their power through wealth and trading

Hyksos was the group that conquered egypt in the Middle Kingdom

• They used bronze weaponry and horses

Pyramids were burial places for pharaohs

• Started in the Old Kingdom

Hieroglyphics was their system of writing

• “Sacred carvings” ;  “their gods work”

Mummification was the process of preserving dead bodies

Polytheism was dominant faith in Egypt

Jules-Sebastien-Cesar Dumont d’Urville categorized the communities in the Pacific into

• Melaniesian - “black islands”

• Micronesia - “small islands”

• Polynesian - “many islands”

The economy of the pacific islands composed of

• Agriculture

• Fishing

• Maritime trade

Olmec “Rubber people”

• First to establish civilization in America around 1200 BCE

• Established communities along the coasts of Gulf of Mexico

• Center is in San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico

• “Mother culture of Americas”

• Foundation of succeeding communities

• Some of their contributions were: rubber tree sap, corn, beans, pok a tok, olmec calendar ( made particularly for agriculture), drainage system

  • Cascajal Block

    • Excavated rock containing earliest example of written language found in Americas.

  • Colossal Heads

    • Head image of their leader

    • Reaches 14 ft in height, weighs 18 tons

    • Head is believed to be part where the human souls resides

  • Jade

    • One of Olmec’s livelihood is sculpting and trading jade

  • Olmec’s Pyramid

    • Served as main place of worship

    • Adapted to the shape of the mountain because of belief that it is closer to God

    • Performed rituals such as offering products, animals, and humans ( often slaves)

  • Olmec Gods

    • Dragon, fish monster, bird monster, jaguar, feathered serpent, banded-eye god

Teotihuacan

• Established first city in Mesoamerica

• Largest trading center in Mesoamerica

• Groups from north attacked and burned the city and teotihuacanos had to evacuate.

• Carved mask / Carved figures

  • Artisans were able to mold figures and create masks from polished stone, usually obsidian

• Colorful Pottery

  • They also made pottery with colorful designs

• Quetzalcoatl

  • Meaning of the work Teotihuacanos is “where the gods live”

  • Teotihuacanos believed in many gods, but most important is Quetzalcoatl

  • Quetzalcoatl is known as god of peace and humility.

• Temple of Quetzalcoatl

Maya

• Established in Yucatan Peninsula between Mexico and Guatemala

• Led by so called “ halach uinic” or “true man”

• Believes world is divided into 3

  • Upperworld ( for the gods)

  • Middleworld (human world)

  • Underworld ( home of the dead)

• Reached regions of 5 countries

  • México, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and El Salvador

• Payed leaders with corn, beans, and cassava

• Exchanged products with other provinces in central America and other tribes.

• Yum Kaax

  • Cared for forests and fields

  • Name means “lord of the forest”

  • Hunters and farmers worshiped him, prayed for good hunting and farming

• Mayan Priest

  • Make sure ceremonies are performed on time

  • Consulted about a person's destiny

  • Sets the time of marriage, trade, cultivation, war, etc.

  • Has ability to communicate with the gods

  • Teach childrens to read and write

• Contributions

  • Irrigation and Field Terraces, Numeral System

• Mayan Temple

• Mayan Calendar

  • Haab, Tzolkin

• Mayan Codices

  • Folding books written by the Maya civilization in Maya hieroglyphic script.

Aztec

• Originated from dry land of Aztlan and where term Aztec came from

• Nomadic group established settlement on a island in Lake Texcoco, capital called Tenochtitlan

• Created artificial islands called chinampa from layered soil and tree roots on which to grow crops

• Cities of Texcoco and Tacuba joined forces, Aztec empire formed

• They were good at agriculture and trade

• Corn, beans, squash potato, tomato, and avocado are main crops

• Ornament making and textile weaving

• Moctezuma 

  • recognized as “father of Aztec Empire” and best warrior leader in history of American civilization

  • Moctezuma was leader of the aztecs

  • Recognized as head of state and military

  • Religious leader

  • Decides economic activity

• Huitzilopochtli

  • God of war and symbol of sun

  • According to belief, his anger will cause darkness and death of all people

  • Templo Mayor

• Hernan Cortes

  • Led the arrival of spaniards to end the Maya civilization

Inca

• Made up of present day Peru, chile, ecuador, bolivia, and argentina

• Center of government was established in valley of Cuzco

• Empire was called Tawantinsuyu or “Land of the four corners”

• Official language was Quechua

• Corn, squash, sweet potato, potato, beans, and quinoa are common foods

• Conquered by Spanish in 1530s

• Coricancha “Temple of the Sun”

  • As a show of appreciation to the god, they pray, fast, and sacrifice animals. The most important offering is people, especially young people

• Machu Picchu

  • City built on top of Andes Mountains in Cusco, Peru

  • It has buildings of households, baths, and temples

• Road system on side of mountain

• Quipu

  • Recording of agricultural products

  • Measuring road projects

  • Birth and death registration, trade, and soldier counts

• Nazca Lines

  • Geoglyphs - giant shape carved into the ground

• Atahualpa, Inca XIII - last leader of Inca civilization

• Francisco Pizarro - person who led Spain to the Inca civilization