Tudor Rebellion notes
religion
religion- pilgrimage of grace (1536) (L)
course of rebellion
Began in Yorkshire
Fear of closure of 100 monasteries
Rebels argued that a range of social and economic services would have been affected, the poor and children’s education would decline, and spiritual teaching provided by monks
monks joined the rebels
Rebels concerned with by reduction of holy days and recent assault on pilgrimage and saints
Carrying of banner of the 5 wounds of Christ - showing it is mainly a religious rebellion
1535: over 300 people in Giggleswick in Yorkshire pulled down hedges and dykes
1536: wealthy join fighting
robert aske started pilgrimage in East riding of Yorkshire in October
10,000 pilgrims forced city to yield peacefully
government response slow and confused- duke of Norfolk and Shrewsbury sent North to treat with rebels
27th October: truce signed, rebels demnds sent to King henry VIII
all gained full pardons
Jan 1537: Bigiods rising in East of Riding
Henry declares martial law, leading pilgrims rounded up and 178 executed (Aske,Hussey and Darcey)
result of rebellion
Local nobles forced to negotiate with rebels and a general pardon promised
Subsidy dropped
Four sacraments resorted to prayer book (pro-Catholic outcome).
Second wave of rebels led by Bigod treated much more harshly – sign of how concerned government was by this rebellion
for- religion was a major cause of rebellion
rioting in 1535: over 300 people in Giggleswick in Yorkshire pulled down hedges and Dykes, progressively grew in numbers
1536: wealthy also joined the same side as the lower orders because of their concers over the tax changes
lincolnshire rising: led by gentry (10,000 men)- produced banner with 5 wounds of christ
10,000 pilgrims in Yorkshire gained support
pilgrims in other major areas in North: Yorkshire, Dirham, Northumberland, Westmoreland
royal army had 8,000 men, rebels had 30,000 men at Doncaster Bridge - forced to have a truce, rebels had enough men to defeat royal army
had gentry and aristocracy in leadership
dodds see a religious movement directed by gentleman and a social movement directed by thr poor against gentlemen
against- religion wasnt a major cause
it could be argued that it was an rebellion fueled by the economic causes because of the rumour of additional taxation- balance: subsidy was relatively small and affected few people however many rebels argued that they could not afford it
rebels didn’ t want to unseat henry from crown
rebels werent organised bc their anger stemmed from different reforms: repeal of statude of uses (angered wealth landowners), the catholic church should be reestablished (replacement of pope Paul III),
elton believes the pilgrimage of grace was feudal: “the effort of a defeated court faction to create a power base in the country for the purpose of achieving a political victory at court”
western, prayer book (1549) (L)
course of rebellion
1549: cranmer introduced new protestant prayer book to the english church- promoted protestant faith and cranmers protestant theology
1548: ensured all church should now follow this new service
people used to catholic mass (latin service, priests forgiving sins, lavish garments, hyms and candles
william body was tasked with removing catholic symbols from church in west country, murdered for his efforts
edward introduced new poll tax on sheep- all individuals who owned sheep paid a set amount to the crown
rumours in west country that poll tax would be on other animals
enclosure laws
local uprising in exeter not dealt with by land owners
lord russel based on london and rarely visited land- created a lack of local power that could quell uprising
orders issued on behalf of kind for continuance of the onslaught
english froces moved into devon and cornwall where they had executed or killed many people before end
16th august: russel with 8,000 mercenaries, defeated rebels at Stamford courtenay (killing 4000)
proposals to translatep rayer book into cornish rejected
for- religion was a major cause of rebellion
people rebelled because of the change in chuch and they believed it could offend God
city gates closed asinitial force of 2000 gathered
over 5,500 people lost their lives in rebellion
majority of rebels demands suggest that rebels wished for restoration : demads included wanting to keep the latin language and wafers instead of communion bread, wanting children to be confirmed younger
rebels marched under the banner of the 5 wounds of christ
1548: body murdered by a mob in helston
russel releved exeter on 6 august, after skirmishes with 6,000 rebels
against- religion was not a major cause of rebellion
people rebelled because of socio-economic reasons
anger because of poll tax on sheep and enclosure laws
1548: poor experienced first poor harvest for 15 years- discontent
cornwall had large working population (farmers and fisherman)- made large militia
northern rebellion (1569-70) (s)
course of rebellion
nort remained catholic, including two earls remained loyal to rome. : went against the protestant acts of supremeace and uniformity, 1559
this act allowed for moderates to be appeased, allowed some catholic traditional to be continued, especially in North- many catholics priess fled here to continue their work
39 articles (1563) summarised beliefs of elizabethan church and beliefs for all to follow, communion of mass ambiguos to keep both catholics and protestand content
led to church papists- a group who accepted Elizabeth’s dontrine and attended services, whilst still keeping belief in catholic faith
some people distrusted catholics (could not be both loyal to elizabeth and pope). as a result of North being isolated away from london, elizabeth introduced hard line approach
e.g appointing strong protestants to key jobs regarding north, james pilkington, bishop of durham, who campaigned to end traditional mass in durham diocese, by removing relics and images representing catholic faith
mary queen of scotts arrived in north of england looking for support
protestantism was still not completely established, but angelican church was stronger and felt more able to persecute catholics
fines issued for non-attendance at Angelican churches and arrests for thoese secretly attending mass
elizabeth unmarried and not produced a heir, meant doubt and instablilty
cecil most influential of elizabeths councillors. power resented by other factions, some feared he might provoke a costly war with spain
Earl of Northumberland and Earl of Westmoreland ideas of a rising with help of Southern nobles to put mary queen of scotts on throne
earl of sussex tried to raise forces to cobat rebllion but only summoned 400 badly equiped cavalry
for- religion is the most signifigant cause
Northern earls went to durham, tore down protestant sybols in cathedral and celebrated mass
Northern earls had 5,000 men
elizabeth ordered execution of 700 rebels
against- religion is not most signifigant cause
rebellion had nor organisation or clearly defined aims: collapsed quickly
far from london
plot betrayed before it happened
neither earl showed determination and dispersed at word of large royal army
only 5 killed
limited support
dynastic
lovell rebellion (1486) (s)
course of rebellion
stafford brothers, humphrey and thomas, nolbility who supported yorkist faction and richard III
1483: lovell promoted to be lord chamberlain of England
fled when king richard killed and sought sanctuary with stafford brothwrs in Essex
wanted to kill Henry VII and put lovell on throne to re-establosh power of Yorkist faction
April 1486: Henry went on tour North of England, Lovel and Staffords left to gain support but followed by spies
Lovell went Middleham castle in Yorkshire
Henry moved North to York to suppress it with large armed force
Duke of bedford sent into yorkshire prmising to pardon everyone except Lovell
rebel force quickly disbanded
henry also sent Sir richard edgecomb and sir william tyler to arrest him
lovell fled to Margaret of Burgundy
Stafford went to worcester to get support but few joined them
stafford went to abby for sanctuary but followed by Henry spies
Henry was less forgiving and had them dragged out and put on trial
stafford found guilty of treason, pope supported Henry VII and declared that sanctuaery could not be claimed by rebels against king
Sir john coyers suspected of supporting lovell so was stipped of stewardship of Middleham and had to bay £2000
for- dynastic wasnt a signifigant cause
rebel attracted little support- no yorkist pretender so not as much support, very few commons willing to rise in support of noble leaders
lovell and stafford only minor nobles- had no great wealth and no large group of followers
henry already had effecient intelligence operation- tracked down rebels before they became a threat
no foreign support
Lovell escaped
staffords both caputured and Humphrey executed
low levels of rebels numbers- pardon for all rebels except lovell ended lovells support
simnel rebellion (1487- H7)(s)
course of rebellion
Simenel claims he is Richard, Duke of York, missing son of Edward IV, was taken to ireland and gains Yorkist support
later proclaims to be earl of warwick (present in tower of london at time of disappearance of Edward IV sons)
gains support from Yorkist lods like Earl of Kildare
john de la pole gains support from margaret of burgandy
May 1487: simnel arrival in ireland- start of invasion in England
tried to gain support in Lancaster and North (little support)
rebels defeated at East stoke by Henry
Henry response
licoln and yorkist leaders killed
simnel spared and given work in kitchens
had elizabeth crowned queen in november
For- dynastic wasnt a major cause
simnel gained little support in England
Henry produced real earl fo warwick diminishing Yorkists claims
rebels easily defeated at East stoke
satisfied yorkists by marrying Elizabeth
Irish forces lacked body-armour and suffered losses/ irish nobility did not accompany army - were easy to defeat
many earls didnt support rebellion because they prefered stability and order (unwilling to risk property and lives)
Henry able to gain enough support to defeat rebels/ reacted swiftly
Against- dynastic was major cause
had foreign support offered by Maragret of Burgundy (2,000 soldiers) and was led by experienced martin schwartz/ burgundy more rich and powerful than England
support from earls: Earl of lincoln (john de pole) and earl of kildare
Earl of northumberland (percy) did nothimg to stop rebels- was first line of defence
irish support helped signifigantly because it provided a base (geographically and politically remote)- Henry did not have military strength to directly interfere in ireland
warbeck rebellion (1491-1499)( m)
course of rebellion
1491: appeared in Ireland and claimed to be Richard, DUke of York- one of the princes in the tower
Henry sent an irish force but Warbeck fled to France
there was no show of Irish support from Kildare
Warbeck was recieived by Charles VIII and later by holy roman emperor
reflects no support for Warbeck but political reality as support for Warbeck destablised England and stopped Henry from attempting to intervene in Burgandy
1492: Henry signed treaty of Etaples to limit threat- ended frances support and agreement to expel warbeck for money
warbeck travelled to burgandy- gained support for MArgaret and agreement with maximillian in exchange that the emperor would be Warbecks heir if he died childless
henrys spies in Flanders were able to show who Warbeck really was
1495: warbeck attempted to land a mercenary army at deal in kent but failed as landing was opposed by local kent forces and warbeck didnt even make it ashore
Warbeck returned to ireland
1497:both kildare and desmond attempted to capture warbeck
warbecks attempt to besiege the royal castle as waterford failed- henry had supplied city with heavy canon and many rebels were killed
warbeck fled and moved to scotland
small scottish army crossed border but ran short on supplies and dispersed as locals were hostile and an army was heading up North
1497: James expelled warbeck from scotland hearing henry had spent £60,000 equiping an army to invade scotland
warbeck went to cornwall and was able to gather troops- 8000 by the time he reached exeter
warbeck failed to get control of exeter
1499: warbeck hanged for trying to escape tower of London
for- dynastic wasnt a signifigant cause
warbeck failed to get signifigant backing in England- kent
warbecks attempt to besiege the royal castle as waterford failed- henry had supplied city with heavy canon and many rebels were killed
warbecks troops were without seige weapons and supplies and fell apart
warbecks troops were more to do with wanting to run their country free from inteferenace
warbeck depended entirely on foreign backing which made him vulnerable
henry was more firmly established
Warbeck spent less than 50 days in england and failed to attract support of an important english noble despite trying to seize the throne for 8 years
against- dynastic was a signifigant cause
Warbeck active for many years and a more convincing pretender than simnel
warbeck obtained support from France, Burgundy, Ireland and Scottland
warbeck raised 8,000 troops
warbeck attempted 5 invasions and 2 escapes
maximillian offered his wife as surety for a loan so he could hire 6,000 mercenaries
wyatts rebellion (1554)(m)
course of rebellion
mary crowned queen 1553
mary devout catholic and wanted to marry a devote catholic to have a catholic heir: philip, son of the spanish emperor Charles V
Wyatt (soldier and leader) considered marriage an affront to English soverignty- would undo the reforms of Henry VII and draw England under the influence of the Catholic church and the catholic spanish empire
duke of suffolk (grey) raised armies in leicestershire
earl of devon (courtenay) did the same in devon
wyatts planswere uncovered
courtenay turned against him and other people could not fill out part of plan
Wyatt went ahead with his rebellion; he raised an army of 3000 men in kent and marched on London
Wyatt intended to put Elizabeth on the throne
suggestion he wanted to marry elizabeth to edward courtenay
little support for Mary
first troops sent against him deserted for his cause and Wyatt must have hoped that his rebellion would succeed against the odds
Mary went to London guildhall and exhorted the citizens of the city to come to her aid
20,000 men volunteered to act as militia against the insurgents
3 february 1554: wyatt’s men, wyatt failed in hyde park and morale of the army dropped
surrendered after seeing gate of ludgate was shut
wyatt tried for treason and took full responsibility
elizabeth was imprisoned in the tower of london for alleged involvement
for- religion is the most signifigant cause
wyatt feared marys marrige to catholic phillip would undo reforms of henry VII and draw england under the influence of the catholic church
was un-coordinated
rebels not well supported
loyalty of london made rebelllion fail
against- dyanstic was a signifigant cause
raised an army of 3000 men
made it to London
had 100 executions-shows scale of threat
480 rebels tried and convicted
socio-economic
cornish rebellion (1497)
course of rebellion
bitter resentment when parliament voted £120,000, in the form of one subsidy of £60,000, and two fifteenths and tenths (taxes on property, 1/15th in the country and 1/10th in towns) to fund a Scottish war.
richard flamank started a rebellion but raised no support in devon or kent
henry raised army of 8000
1000 were killed
henry fined the others= total of £15,000
for- relgion was most signifigant
rebels defeated outside london
henry punished only leaders and rest pardoned- stopped anymore cornish protests
did not intend to overthrow king
raised little support from devon and kent
rebels were badly unequipped and not professional
against- socio-economic was most signifigant
force of 15000
made it 250 miles to london
amicable grant (1525)
cause of rebellion
tax: henry wanted £800,000 of tax, to help his planned invasion of france
high unemployment and inflation
12% fall in peasants income
price increase of 60% since 1500
course of rebellion
wolsey collecting taxes based on on who would yield highest sum
increased- 1/5 from laity and 1/3 from clergy
protests strongest in wealthy south
non- parliamentary loand forced by wosley - caused resentment
scale of protest and gentrys refusal to pay meant collection of tax was reduced and then abandoned
for- socio- economic was not most signifigant cause of rebellion
rebellion was mainly over policy- no political threat to throne
protestors avoided violence and made it clear they were loyal to the crown and only protesting against tax
kings councillors had good information from the countryside and warned Henry of lilely dire consequences of not backing down- better understanding of what they wanted
did not last long and remained away from London
against- socio-economic was signifigant cause of rebellion
widespread protest- 5 counties, Essex, Kent, Warwickshire, Norfolk and suffolk
anger from all classes
protestors ready to march to London, king uncertain of their loyalty
large gatherings: 4,000 rebels assemble at Lavenham in Suffolk- outnumbered duke of suffolks forces
ketts rebellion (1549)
course of rebellion
riots over enclosures because landlords were enclosing all common land
commons set up commisions to look into enclosure abuses
news of this travelled through england and commons thought they had state backing to tear hedges and remvoe enclosures
kett assembled as many commons as possible and marched on Norwich
government was unable to assemble enough forces to attack every flashpoint
kett numbered 16,000 (mousehold camp)
kett won the battle in Northhampton
earl of warwick was then sent with 12,000 men and eventually defeated Kett outside Norwich, killing 3000.
Kett and between 30-50 men were hanged
for- religion is the most signifigant
articles in Ketts manifest contained more protestant demands
believed priests should teach and preach more
london remained loyal
against- socio-economic was most signifigant
16,000 people organised
wide spread: 25 counties saw disturbances
won first battle in norwich
gained lots of support
ketts was a good leader