Unit 4 History Vocab Quiz

52. Revolution of 1800- referred to as the "Revolution of 1800," Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System

53. XYZ Affair- a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the administration of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France over allegations of bribery that led to an undeclared war called the Quasi-War.

54. Bill of Rights- first 10 amendments of the Constitution

55. Republican motherhood- a historical term for an attitude toward women's domestic roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution. If the new republic were to succeed, women must be schooled in virtue so they could teach their children.

56. Louisiana Purchase-With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States purchased approximately 828,000,000 square miles of territory from France, thereby doubling the size of the young republic.

57. Tecumseh- American Indian chief of the Shawnee tribe. He attempted to unite western Indian tribes against the White people, but was defeated at Tippecanoe (1811). He was killed while fighting for the British in the War of 1812.

58. Battle of Tippecanoe - a conflict between the confederacy of native warriors led by Tecumseh, a Shawnee tribe member, and United States armed forces under the leadership of General William Henry Harrison.

59. John Marshall- The 4th, and longest-serving Chief Justice in U.S. Supreme Court history, Marshall dominated the Court for over three decades (34 years) and played a significant role in the development of the American legal system. Most notably, he reinforced the principle that federal courts are obligated to exercise judicial review, and worked to ensure a stronger federal government.

60. “Marshall Court” - refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1801 to 1835, when John Marshall served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States.The Marshall Court played a major role in increasing the power of the judicial branch, as well as the power of the national government.

61. Judicial review- review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.

62. Marbury v Madison- a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution.

63. Battle of New Orleans- American victory in a battle that never had to happen. American forces under General Andrew Jackson defeated British forces on January 8, 1815, several weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which had officially ended the War of 1812.

64. Hartford Convention - a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. There were even radical outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain.

65. Lewis and Clark Expedition- A journey made by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson, to explore the American Northwest, newly purchased from France, and some territories beyond. Chapter 8: Nationalism and Economic Development

66. Era of Good Feelings - the name applied to the period in the United States corresponding with the term of President James Monroe, from 1817 to 1825 when there was one political party and a sense of national purpose.

67. Henry Clay’s American System- consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture.

68. Panic of 1819- he first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States caused by the 2nd Bank of the US, followed by a general collapse of the American economy persisting through 1821.

69. Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts- parts (components) that are, for practical purposes, identical. They are made to specifications that ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any assembly of the same type

70. Cotton gin- an invention of Eli Whitney that greatly increased the profitability of growing cotton.

71. Market revolution- a term used by historians to describe the expansion of the marketplace that occurred in early nineteenth-century America, prompted mainly by the construction of new roads and canals to connect distant communities together for the first time, and the growing dominance of factories.

72. McCulloch v Maryland- A U.S. Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established that the federal government has "implied powers" to carry out, without state interference, any and all rights given by the Constitution.

73. Missouri Compromise- an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. Maine was admitted to balance the addition of a slave state, and slavery was prohibited in new territories above the 36th parallel.

74. Monroe Doctrine- a principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas (Western Hemisphere) is a potentially hostile act against the US. Chapter 9: Sectionalism

75. Nativists- the political position of supporting a favored status for certain established inhabitants of a nation- particularly Protestants- as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. In times past they were adamantly anti-Catholic, while today they are critical of non-Western faiths, i.e., Donald Trump.

76. Tammany Hall- a Democratic political organization in New York City that drew heavily upon the patronage of Irish immigrants. Founded in 1789 as a fraternal benevolent society (Tammany Society), and associated especially in the late 1800s and early 1900s with corruption and abuse of power.

77. King Cotton- The phrase King Cotton came to mean the reliance the American South had one its largest crop, and how that influenced major issues in American history.

78. Nat Turner- an enslaved African American who led a rebellion of slaves and free blacks in Southampton County, Virginia on August 21, 1831, that resulted in the deaths of 55 to 65 white people.

79. Denmark Vesey- He is notable as the accused and convicted ringleader of "the rising," a major potential slave revolt planned for the city in June 1822; he was executed.

80. Commonwealth v. Hunt- a case in the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on the subject of legalizing labor unions. Prior to Hunt the legality of labor combinations in America was uncertain.

81. Cyrus McCormick- was an American inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of International Harvester Company in 1902. Contributed significantly to improving the output of agriculture with technology.

82. John Deere- American industrialist, manufacturer of agricultural implements, b. Rutland, Vt. He was one of the pioneers of the steel plow industry. A blacksmith by trade, he established (1837) a shop at Grand Detour, Ill. Contributed significantly to improving the output of agriculture with technology.

83. Irish Potato Famine- A famine in Ireland in the nineteenth century caused by the failure of successive potato crops in the 1840s. Many in Ireland starved, and many emigrated. More than a million Irish came to the United States during the famine

84. Know-Nothing Party- political party that was established with Protestant nativism sentiments to address the large influx of Irish and German immigrants, many who were Catholic. Because their platform was based largely upon hate, they met in private so as to shield their hater-negativity from public criticism. They planed how to vote in private, and when asked by an outsider about what their party advocated and their plans, members would shield their organization by replying that they “knew nothing.” Chapter 10: The Age of Jackson

85. Indian Removal Act- signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy.

86. Cherokee nation v. Georgia - a United States Supreme Court case. The Cherokee Nation sought a federal injunction against laws passed by the U.S. state of Georgia depriving them of rights within its boundaries, but the Supreme Court did not hear the case on its merits. It ruled that it had no original jurisdiction in the matter, as the Cherokees were a dependent nation, with a relationship to the United States like that of a "ward to its guardian," as said by Justice Marshall.

87. Trail of Tears- a series of forced removals of Native American nations from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States to an area west of the Mississippi River that had been designated as Native Territory.

88. Nicholas Biddle- an American financier who served as the third and last president of the Second Bank of the United States.

89. Bank War- to the political struggle that developed over the issue of rechartering the Second Bank of the United States (BUS) during the Andrew Jackson administration (1829–1837).

90. Spoils system- n the politics of the United States, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit, independent of political activity.

91. Corrupt bargain- In the 1824 election, even though Jackson won the popular vote had had the most electoral points, without an absolute majority, the 12th Amendment dictated that the Presidential election be sent to the House of Representatives, whose Speakerand candidate in his own right, Henry Clay, gave his support to John Quincy Adams, and was then selected to be his Secretary of State.

92. Revolution of 1828- The Election of 1828 was a transforming event from several perspectives. Andrew Jackson's victory broke the line of presidents from Virginia and Massachusetts, and to many citizens represented the triumph of the common man.

93. Peggy Eaton Affair- Margaret O'Neale (Peggy) Eaton (1799-1879) was the wife of John Eaton, President Andrew Jackson's Secretary of War from 1829 to 1831, and the focus of a Washington sex scandal that divided the Jackson administration. The daughter of a Washington, D.C. tavern keeper, Peggy Eaton earned a reputation as a beauty.

94. Nullification crisis- ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state.

95. Whigs- a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States that was started by henry Clay to stand up to “King Andrew”

96. “Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign”- he nickname given to William Henry Harrison's 1840 presidential campaign. Democrats characterized him as a man who preferred to sit in his log cabin and drink hard cider than run a country.

97. Utopian communities- An ideally perfect place, especially in its social, political, and moral aspects. A work of fiction describing a utopia. An impractical, idealistic scheme for social and political reform.

98. Horace Mann- an American politician and educational reformer. A Whig devoted to promoting speedy modernization, he served in the Massachusetts State legislature.

99. Temperance- moderation in or abstinence from the use of alcoholic beverages

100. Liberia- African nation formed by Americans to serve the purpose of moving salves back to Africa

101. Fredrick Douglas- an African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York

102. Harriet Tubman- an American abolitionist, humanitarian, and an armed scout and spy for the United States Army during the American Civil War. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved families and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.

103. Antebellum - Latin for before the war, the pre-American Civil War period in the United States

104. Romantic movement- an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated towards the end of the 18th century. characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature

105. Transcendentalism- a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States. It arose as a reaction to or protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time

106. Ralph Waldo Emerson- an American essayist, lecturer, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.

107. Henry David Thoreau- an American essayist, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, and historian. A leading transcendentalist, [2] Thoreau is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay "Civil Disobedience" (originally published as "Resistance to Civil Government"), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state.

108. 2nd Great Awakening- a Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. Formation of Methodists, Mormons, and Seventh Day Adventists.

109. Mormons- a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism, the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity, which began with Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s who introduced the Book of Mormon which detailed the story of Jesus in America.

110. Cult of domesticity- a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the nineteenth century in the United States[2] and Great Britain. This value system emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and family. The cult of domesticity revolved around the women being the center of the family; they were considered "The light of the home".

111. Seneca Falls Convention- the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848. They produced the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men—100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women.