Vocab test 4

Major actions of Charles II

- New Hampshire gets Charter
-Tensions rise between Charles II and and Puritans leads to :
-Mass charter revoked in 1684

James II

- Formation of the dominion of New England (1686)
- loses power in the glorious revolution

Edmund Andros

royal governor of the dominion of New England.
- Strictly enforces the navigation acts,
- sends much of the Mass. elite to Jail after revolts against him
- Later recalled by William of Orange

Glorius Revolution

The bloodless overthrow of King James II of England.

- William III took power with Mary.

- results in colonists revolting against Andros (they see this as an opportunity)

Leisler's Rebellion

(NY)
- short lived revolt
- a man known as liesler declares himself governor
- revolt put down by William of Orange

Coode's Rebellion

a.k.a. "Glorious Revolution of Maryland"

John Coode drove out Lord Baltimore and his officials and made a Protestant government, making the Anglican Church of England the only church of Maryland.(Ended the 'Province of Maryland')

Maryland Act of Toleration

- Maryland was initially intended to be a catholic haven
- allowed protestants into the colony
- resulted in 90% of Maryland's population being puritan by the glorious revolution

Protestant Association

Association formed by John Coode and three others to secure Maryland for William and Mary.

Replaced the lords Baltimore.

Wars for Empire part 1

1689-97
- war of the league of Ausburg (aka King William's War)

Wars for Empire part 2

1702-13
- war for Spanish succession (aka Queen Anne's War)

-Deer Field Massacre

-The British take Nova Scotia and Newfoundland

-British take Port Royal from French by English

Deer Field Massacre

- French + Indian forces sweep into deerfield, Mass.

- they kidnap 112 and kill 47, burn down half the village

- They try to force the captives to Montreal (only 60 survive the march)

- survivors are ransomed/assimilated into the Mowhawk Tribe (particularly women)

Navigation Acts

1650s, to force colonists to buy only English products
-laws passed by the Crown/parliament for colonies to obey and force
-promotes smuggling with Caribbean--> colonists not happy

Composition of the colonies (melting pot)

- Scots/Irish
(did not like the British)

- Germans
(brought lutheranism)

- "Jaylebirds"
(prisoners sent to penal colonies)
-Africans
(neither liked the British)

Fallow Land

land that was not being used so that it could replenish its nutrients

- colonists did not do this, resulting in land being barren from overplanting

- this pushes colonists outward putting them in conflict over land.

Urban Paradox

- Most New World was rural (only about 4% in cities)

- Cities become where rich live, other people follow them

-homelessness became a problem

-the rich saw themselves as responsible for helping the less fortunate

Primogeniture

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

if you were a 3rd or 4th son, you got essentially nothing, so they needed to expand into new lands

The Colonial Elite

- Potter family in (RI) was the first millionaire family, with huge power in England.
- the Son's of these families try to expand out.

1712 NYC Conspiracy

- 1st slave uprising in the colonies
- putting the fires in the night and killing people as they tried to put out the fire
- was not successful

Cato's Conspiracy

1739, ( aka Stono Rebellion)

- South Carolina importing a tremendous amount of slaves

- Slaves coming from the "Kongo tribe", those who were captured were literate, Christian, and had military training.

- Hear that if they escape to St. Agustine they get freedom and citizenship (Spanish do this to undermine English)

-slaves raided armory and headed south, killing and freeing slaves along the way, numbers grow to 150

- They leave an inn owner alive, who then reports them to the lieutenant governor of SC

- armed militia fought them at the Stono river, heads on pikes as an example to other slaves

-led to the Negro Act-> worsened condition for slaves

French Cities in America

- French move to claim more territory, coming down through the Great Lakes and the Mississippi.

- Detroit is founded in 1701 by Count Cadillac

- Claim New Orleans in 1718 by Sieur de Bienville

- The French expanded east, putting in conflict with natives and British

Tuscarora War

Tuscarora kicked out of NC because they get upset with the English and try to keep English off their land

- As NC becomes an established state, Tuscarora has areas established for them

Yamasee War

- Yamasee (SC but originally from North Florida)

-The Spanish kept trying to enslave them, and so they fled to where SC is prior to the English coming down.

-After a series of battles the Yamasee are pretty much wiped out, except the few that came down and joined the Seminole.

Covenant Chain

- When the native Americans (Iroquois) agree, by treaty, to ally themselves with the English in return for maintaining their own homeland.

Georgia

1732

- The English are pushing further into the Carolinas, lack of definitive border between Spanish Florida and English Settlements.

-The Spanish attack English settlements along the coast from Florida. The big rich plantation owners complain a lot to the King.

-James Ogelthorpe proposes that the King allow him to make a colony between SC and Spanish Florida, make it a buffer between the money makers.

-All males will have to train to be part of the militia, outlaws alcohol, slavery is outlawed, to keep plantation system out of Georgia

- First city in Georgia is Savannah

War of Jenkin's Ear

-The Spanish coast guard begins preying on British Ships, in the Caribbean.

- Captain Jenkins is on a legitimate trade mission, but his ship is stopped by the Spanish Coast guard, they demand to see his paperwork and call him a smuggler. He gets pissed and the captain of the Spanish vessel cuts off his ear.

-Members of Parliament take this as Spanish encroaching on legitimate English maritime vessels. Declare War.

- English did not do well, attacking Columbia and Spanish Florida, with high casualties.

Wars for Empire Part 3

1740-48
- War of Austrian Succession (aka King George's War)

-Colonists annoyed that British made them give back their territorial gains.

Bicameral Legislature

Every colony except Pennsylvania had one, colonies essentially self governed as a result of statutory neglect.

Power of the Purse

those who pay taxes have the ability to control government with the taxes they pay

JP Zenger

-1735 NYC

- German immigrant with a print shop in NYC. He is printing a newspaper that criticizes the British governor of NY named Cosby.

-The royal authorities arrest J. P. Zenger and try him for slander/libel.
First colonial case for freedom of the press. Andrew Hamilton represents him in court.

- He gets acquitted in the trial.
- The British feel that no colonists will convict a fellow colonist, so the British removed due process, resulting in the colonists feeling more separate.

Consequences of Fort Duquesne

- George Washington fights the French and gets his butt kicked.

- People like Benjamin Franklin begin swaying representatives of the colonies that the British Army will not defend them from the French and Indians.

- The colonies must protect themselves

The Grand Council in Albany

- Benjamin Franklin wants to unite the colonies except Georgia into one major group.

- "Join or Die" Propaganda aka "Snake of Albany"

- A failure as no colony wants to give up their power.

Wars for Empire Part 4

Seven Years war (AKA French and Indian war)
- The British only send one general and army. They are very arrogant they disregard the help of the colonial militias.

- Send General "Bulldog" Braddock

- Ft. Necessity vs Ft. Duquesne

Braddock + Ohio River Valley

-march on ft. Duquesne, refusing any colonial militia ride with them

-allows George Washington to ride along with them. Washington is not allowed to give any commands.

- They are ambushed by French and Indians Braddock is mortally wounded, Washington takes command, leads the evacuation.

- Washington is turned down to be a British Officer.

Longfellow

wrote Evangeline

and the Last of the Mohicans

Plot of the Last of the Mohicans

Natty Bumpo was a fictional white man who was kidnapped by Mohicans and raised with them. He fights in the French and Indian Wars, cannot hang out with Colonists because he is raised by natives, cannot hang out with natives cause they distrust him as he is white.

William Pitt + his plan

-Prime Minister during the 7 years war.

- Realized they have to send many more British troops to the colonies to win

-bribes Austria and Prussia to come in on the side of the British, keeping the French occupied in Europe, allows him to send several British armies to North America.

General Forbes

his troops do what Braddock couldn't, marches on Fort Duquesne, the French burn it to the ground and evacuates. He rebuilds the fort and names it after William Pitt (Ft. Pitt, and Pittsburg)
7 years war

General Wolfe

takes Quebec in 1759, huge French defeat,
7 years war

General Amherst

Takes Montreal in the 7 years war.

Treaty of Paris 1763

-France sues for Peace

- England gets all of Canada and the Mississippi valley, Louisiana turned over to spain, and England gets Florida in exchange for Cuba.

- Spain was offered Canada but turned it down for Cuba (because of sugar)

- Canada gives Britain a new place to stage military out of.

Relationship between British Army and Colonial Militia

- the British thought the colonists were dummies
- Washington never rose past Colonel

Consequences of William Pitt's Plan

-spent a lot of money trying to get Austria and Prussia to fight the French
- England is in debt, colonies lose a lot of money too

George III

- did not worry about the colonies a lot prior to the 7 years war

- the colonies placed such a financial burden that he begins exercising his rights as king over the colonies for the first time.

-colonists were not happy

Pontiac

- Native American leader known as Pontiac, leads a continuing guerilla war against the English settlers.

- Parliament sends troops to go fight the natives in the Ohio Valley.

Proclamation of 1763

- Proclamation draws a dividing line, from the Appalachian mountains down north to south. Forbids English settlers from crossing the line.

- A lot of the men who fought in the militias in the 7 years war, they thought they would get homesteads on the land they expanded into.

-angered the colonists

writ of assistance

- removal of due process

-search warrants could be granted simply based on suspicion instead of evidence

-used by custom's agents

Otis

-prominent lawyer who tried to fight the writs of assistance through the court system

-the court system upheld the writs

-angered the colonists

Paxton Boys

- Western Pennsylvania, Paxton brothers, who are not happy with the colonial government in Philadelphia. The colonial government has trading deals with the natives, and the Paxton's want them out for their land.

- Paxton Boys chose to arm themselves, a drunken mob begins attacking the natives. They attack a friendly tribe called the Conestoga tribe, massacring them.

- After taking over all this land, they want to try and take over the colonial government in Philadelphia.

- The Colonial government sends Benjamin Franklin to meet them. Benjamin gets them to put down arms, getting additional militia men for the frontier, appeasing them.

Regulators - Scots/Irish

- Scots/Irish are super upset for taxes over rum and sugar
.
- A large group of them gets together and tries to march on the capital, calling themselves the regulators.

- The governor (tryon) meets the regulators with a militia, destroys the regulators.

Grenville

- Prime Minister Greenville, after the 7 years war.

-Pitt leads opposition against him.

-Greenville wants the colonies to pay, and since he is PM he gets his way.

Sugar Act of 1764

Lowers the tax that is already in place on sugar and molasses.

-They cut taxes on Sugar, giving them a little bit of relief, and allowing them justification to go after smugglers much more heavily, and hope to boost mercantilism.

Currency Act of 1764

Kills the colonial financial system.
-
the colonies had developed their own economies through statutory neglect. This had resulted in the colonies printing their own currency, because Great Britain tried to limit the amount of Pound Sterling.

-This law makes colonial currency illegal.

Stamp Act of 1765

Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies

- the colonists are some of the most literate in the world, this really gets them mad

Quartering Act of 1765

The colonies have to pay for the soldiers to be over in the colonies.

(DID NOT PUT SOLDIERS IN COLONIAL HOMES)

Admiralty Court

- Majority of colonists are acquitted with a jury of their peers.

- Admiralty Court stops allowing a jury of your peers, and a military judge will decide guilty or innocent.

- Customs officials flood the ports to limit smuggling.

- Troops begin marching through the major cities.

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Actual Representation

The practice whereby elected representatives normally reside in their districts and are directly responsive to local interests.

Patrick Henry

- Founding Father from Virginia
-Governor of Virginia for 2 terms
- "give me liberty or give me death"

Loyal Nine

Group of patriot Boston merchants who mostly utilized non-violent intimidation tactics.

ex.
burned Andrew Oliver's Effigy

Sons + Daughters of Liberty

- secret organization of men and women.
- led by Samuel Adams
- Used shaming/protesting and violence.

Non-importation agreements

- merchants would stop importing and selling English Goods, putting pressure on British Businesses

Declaratory Act (1776)

- Repealed the Stamp Act
-also said that parliament has the right to pass whatever laws they want in the colonies.
- Colonists remember that Parliament passed something similar before invading the Irish

Parliament Split

- Whigs are more moderates, Tories want to subdue the colonists.
-As colonial violence increase, the Tories gain more power in parliament

Townsend Acts

1767- Taxes placed on glass, tea, silk, paper, lead. 1770, taxes were dropped but tea tax remained.

John's Letter's from a farmer

- Series of letters which are published and sent to Parliament. Letters about the taxes affect a small town farmer in Rural Pennsylvania.

- The guy who is writing the letters is not a small town lawyer, instead he is a Philadelphia lawyer in Philadelphia.

- He wrote the declaration of independence.

Sam's Circular

- More commonly known as the Massachusetts's Circular

- Written by Sam Adams and James Otis, the first time that you see a colonial government list out complaints

- First time you see "no taxation without representation"

- Sent out to the other colonies to tell the other colonies what they think about this, in an attempt to unite the colonies.

Lobster Backs

Name for the British regulars, because of their red coats

March 5, 1770 Boston Massacre

- Eight Soldiers who were very young surrounded by at least 50 drunk and violent colonists. Throwing stones and then bottles, the soldiers fear for their lives. Escalates resulting in soldiers firing on the crowd

John Adams

- John Adams wants to ensure that the British soldiers in the Boston massacre gets a fair trial.
- John Adams is the defense attorney for the soldiers, they are acquitted and allowed to return to England.
- Family drama because Samuel Adams is John Adam's cousin

Lord North

Prime Minister of England who removes the Townsend Acts except the one on tea.

Committees for Correspondence

- tasked with making sure that all colonies are aware of what is going on in the other colonies. As early as 1772, as an attempt to connect the colonies.

Torching of the Gaspee

- The Gaspee is a custom's ship, with an aggressive captain, who has been known to take a free hand with those who weren't smugglers and confiscate goods.

- The Sons of Liberty set a trap, they lure the Gaspee to chase them, causes the ship to be run aground, allowing the ship to be stormed.

- Captain of the Gaspee is shot and wounded, the Sons of Liberty take all the sailors off, and burn down the ship.

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

- Mostly target Boston and the colony of Mass. as response to tea party

- Port of Boston is closed until the tea is paid for.

- Revoke Mass. Charter for being a colony

- Any Major Official (ex. Hutchinston) if they are charged for a crime , will be tried in England not in the Colonies

- Assigning soldiers to barracks in people's homes.

Quebec Act

- Known as the fifth intolerable act

- Targets the people of New England.

- Allows the French, who are in the areas, can keep Catholicism as their primary religion, slap at the Puritans.

- Make sure that the French in Canada can keep their own self-governing legislature

- Give to French Canadians huge tracts of land, which the colonists have fought over.

1st Continental Congress

They did not declare independence, was mainly to coordinate to provide a united front for resisting British.

- All colonies send delegates except Georgia

- They agree to meet again the following year.

Suffolk Resolves

An agreed upon statement by all those attending the first continental congress, that they are going to support Massachusetts, since the intolerable acts mainly targeted Boston

The "Association"

The first continental congress agree to not consume any English goods. About 20% of the colonists remain loyalists.

Galloway's Plan

- Joseph Galloway from Pennsylvania, he is a loyalist.

- Floats a plan to prevent further fracturing, hoping it will help parliament to accept colonial sovereignty.

- Proposes a colonial parliament, which has a president-general who presided and a grand council.

- What he doesn't address, resulting in its failure, even if this body will exist, the Parliament in England has to approve everything that they do

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

written during the first continental congress, asking King George to fix the tax problem, asking him to intercede with Parliament's actions

Lexington + Concord

- Lexington and Concord are two villages just outside of Boston.

- First real fighting of the revolution

- Still no declaration of independence

- Lexington has local militia mobilize, with the call coming in before midnight. Fighting happens in the Morning, they sat in the pub and drank until the morning

- Most likely the drunk farmers with no training, set off a gun in the battle.

- By the time the British begin to retreat, colonists have mobilized and have fought a guerilla war and attacked them all the way back to Boston.

- Gage is pissed when the soldiers come back, resulting in a large clamping down of Boston.

British General Thomas Gage

- British general sent to take control over Boston

- Takes advantage over the large amounts of loyalists, and the difficulty the colonists have in identifying spies.

- Gage wants to find where John Hancock and John Adams.

- He marches on Lexington on Concord because he thinks those cities have arms for the rebels and its where John Hancock and John Adams are hiding.

Revere, Dawes, Prescott

- Rebels have spies too

- The tallest building in Boston is the North Church, If the British come by land its 1 lantern, if its 2 lanterns it's by sea

- Three riders are selected to deliver the message, Revere, Dawes and Dr. Prescott.

- Revere is stopped by British Patrol, Dawes falls off horse, Prescott makes it to Concord

Declaration of Causes and Necessities for Taking up Arms

explanation to parliament why they are taking up arms

Olive Branch Petition

A heartfelt written plea saying that "we don't want to fight" and gives them a path to make peace.

Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen

Benedict Arnold is from NY

Ethan Allen is from Virginia, and is the leader of the Green Mountain Boys.

- Both try and take fort Ticonderoga and Fort Crown Point to get large scale arms. They think that probably the British soldiers there have not heard about Lexington and Concord.

- They catch them by surprise and the fort

Result of Ticonderoga and Crown Point for Washington

- Washington uses those cannons to surround Boston with cannons, bombarding their own citizens in Boston, causing Britain to abandon Boston.
-The British move down to NY.

Brandywine and Germantown

- British think the best thing to do is take the seat of the rebellion
Brandywine and Germantown (battles near philly) both British Victories

- The Second continental congress evacuates

- General Washington returns General Howes prized dogs to the British

Valley Forge

- Toughest Winter of the war

- Local native American tribe shares a lot of their food which saves the continental army

- People like Von Steuben training continentals how to fight.

- Continental congress has been scattered which means that he cant buy supplies.

- Men are abandoning in droves, either due to sickness or their contracts have ended.

Molly Pitcher - Marry Hays, Monmouth 1778

- Molly Pitcher (Aka Marry Hay's) Husband was with continental troops as an artillery man

- She is famous for bringing cold water, at the battle of Monmouth, to cool off the men. Once her husband succumbed to the heat, she begins loading a cannon and firing it.

- First female given a veterans pension later in her life.

George Rogers Clark

- George Rogers Clark takes forts in Kaskaskia, Canokia, and the Vincennes

- These forts were formerly French

Continental Money during the war

- Second continental congress authorized the creation of a dollar known as a "continental"

- "not worth a continental" term for being worth nothing. If they lose the war all the money they are taking is worthless.

New British Strategy/ Cornwallis

- Stalemate in the North/Battles in the South

- French Fleet battle the royal navy in the Atlantic

- The British try to cut off the southern colonies from New England.

- General Cornwallis was brought in for the new strategy

- - Lands in Savannah and takes all of Georgia, as well as taking Charleston

- At this point the British are in Charlestown and NY and Philadelphia

Colonial Gens Green and Daniel Morgan

- General Greene and Daniel Morgan began fighting in the south

- Bait Cornwallis out of Charleston pulling them further and further away from their supply

- Heavy wool uniforms in the summer (British)

- Battle of Cowpens, Colonial army defeats the British, retreats to Yorktown.

Battle of Yorktown

- French Fleet stops the royal navy from being able to assist

- Washington places Yorktown under siege

-Last Major Battle of the war, Cornwallis surrenders

Post-Yorktown

- 2 more years, British stay in Charlestown and NY but there is no fighting.

- Peace treaty is ongoing in Paris, France

- Signed on September 3rd 1783 (ends the revolutionary war for the colonists)

- Separate treaty is signed a year later for the French and Spanish to stop fighting

Colonies become states

- Each of the colonies have to write a state constitution that guarantees the rights of the citizens.

- Once the constitutions are approved by the continental congress they become a state

Personal Liberties post-war

- Require states to adopt a bill of rights, the federal government is not responsible for enforcing these rights.

-Rights are the same across all states, the responsibility to protect them is for the states

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution.

Articles of Confederation

- Authored by Dickinson, same guy who wrote the declaration

- Meant to keep power split, and away from a singular person

- No judicial Branch
- No taxing authority
- Cannot regulate foreign trade (puts states in competition with one another)
- Cannot enforce laws

- To pass a law requires 2/3 agreement. Every state has to agree to make changes to the Articles of Confederation

- Equality of all states, even the smallest states have equal status to a large state.

Land Ordinance of 1785

-Land sold in townships

- Each township consists of 36 lots, with each lot with 640 acres.

- Land is sold at a dollar an acre.

- The government keeps lot 16 for public education.

- Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. All of these are not slave states, all came through township process.

Process to become a state from the Land Ordinance Act of 1785

- Once they break areas into townships, setting up territorial governments (governor)

- Once they get 5000 citizens, they can create a legislature for the territory, establishing a court system, state constitution etc. etc.

- Once you hit 60,000 living in the territory, and you meet the state constitution then they are allowed to become a state.

Foreign problems after revolution

- Great Britain failed to evacuate a lot of forts, Great Britain tries to ruin the colonies economically.

- Great Britain passes a law that nobody in or affiliated with the British empire can trade with the colonies.

- Spain occupies everything from the Mississippi river west, but there are not exact definitions over the border at the Mississippi.

- John Jay hammers out a treaty with the Spanish ambassador Gardoqui. Spain gets Mississippi river but we get to use the river.

Barbary Pirates

- Groups based out of North Africa, sultanates, make tremendous amount of money by pirating merchant ships, and holding their crew as ransom.

- Most countries pay the Barbary pirates as a tribute to keep their trade alone.

- The Mediterranean still remains the hub of maritime trade, the Barbary pirates begin attacking the American ships.

Anapolis Convention

- 5 states attend to deal with interstate commerce, spurs the Philadelphia convention which later becomes the constitutional convention, as a result of the fact that they did not come to an agreement.

Shays Rebellion

- States raise taxes higher than the British.

- Daniel Shays is one of the leaders

- Initially peacefully protest the heavy taxes in Mass.

- The farmers are in so much debt the courts are foreclosing their farms.

- The farmers begin surrounding the courts, keeping them from foreclose.

- Up to the state of Mass. To fight against their own people

Virginia Plan

- The Virginia Plan (presented by James Madison) put together by Randolph also known as the Randolph plan.
- Virginia plan has three branch, with legislative branch based on population. One representative for 30,000 people.

The New Jersey Plan

- The New Jersey Plan (aka Patterson Plan)
Says that representation should be equal among all the states. Agreement over three branches.

The Connecticut Compromise

- The Connecticut Compromise (the great compromise) Bicameral legislature with proportional and equal body.
- 3/5 compromise with the southern states for the representation based on population.
- Northern States that the slave trade will end by 1808, in 20 years.

Rules of Congress

- Minimum age for reps 25 years - 2 year terms

- Mimum age for Senate 30 years - 6 year term

- Minimum age for President 35 years - 4 year term

- Speaker of the house is elected by the house of representatives

- VP is the leader of the senate, president pro-tenpore

Necessary and Proper Clause

Constitutional clause that gives congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" for executing its powers

Amendment Process under the Constitution

- Original amending process was 2/3 vote of all state legislatures and 2/3 of both houses of congress.

- They change the amending process to ¾ state legislatures and ¾ of congress.

Constitution Day

- They get 39 signatures on September 17th 1787, constitution day, agrees on the verbiage, sent to each state after this date on whether or not it was going to get ratified.

Each Federalist and how many papers they wrote?

- Hamilton writes 50 federalist papers
- Madison writes 30 papers
- John Jay writes 5

First President

- G.W. gets president

- J. Adams who gets the second highest amount of votes gets VP

- Washington is elected twice 1788-1792

- Washington and Adams are sworn in NYC with Robert Livingston as the man who swears him in.

Washington's Cabinet

- Secretary of State (Thomas Jefferson)

- Secretary of Treasury (Alexander Hamilton)

- Secretary of War (Henry Knox)

- Attorney General (Edmond Randolph)

Judiciary Act of 1787

- Sets up the federal court system

- The supreme court on top

- Creates 3 regional appellate courts

- Each individual state (in the first 13 colonies) has a federal district court

- First court case overseen my John Jay was Marbury vs Madison (judicial review)

- Originally there were 6 supreme court justices. They upped it to nine later.

Bill of rights was not ratified until

December 17th 1791.

Hamilton's Reports on Debt

- 54 million in debt, which is equivalent to 31 trillion in debt now.
- 42 million is owed to either states or individuals.
- 12 million is owed to foreign nations.
- Hamilton begins to sell bonds
- There are no laws about insider selling and trading, people begin manipulating bond market to make themselves rich.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

- He wants the federal government to pay all the state debts, so that the federal government takes legitimacy.

- Thomas Jefferson is pissed about Hamilton's idea of assuming this debt.

- Jefferson says that he will support the assuming of debt, if Hamilton moves the capital to Virginia, Jefferson's home state.

- Hamilton wants Tariffs and Excise Taxes, national tariff on goods from foreign nations.

Fugitive slave act of 1793

- provides the federal government as a helper in returning fugitive slaves. They will prosecute people helping fugitive slaves.

- Hamilton's compromise with the southern states

Tariff of 1789

Designed to protect domestic manufacturing; discouraged competition from abroad

supported by southern states because of the Fugitive Slave Act

Whiskey tax of 1791

tax on whiskey passed by Congress

-taxed smaller producers more than larger producers.

The Bank of the United States

- Open up a bank, for printing money and controlling national economy

- They feel that they need 10 million to start, the government gets 2 million

- Lifespan of 20 years
- They want to open in 1791 and they have to get a new charter in 1811

- Brought into conflict because the enumerated powers did not explicitly state that the federal government could make a national bank

Federalist Newspaper

Gazette of the United States

Democratic-Republican Newspaper (formerly the Anti-federalists)

National Gazette

Whiskey Rebellion

- As the federal government begins to send out tax collectors, the small farmers refuse, they begin to exercise their rights and resist the tax collectors.

- They start attacking different tax collectors, tar and feathering, burning houses down, people start to worry that this will repeat Shay's rebellion.

- This is the first real challenge to new constitutional government.

- Washington raises a militia and leads a militia personally to put down the Whiskey rebellion. When Washington shows up they give up. They arrest the main ringleaders, and Washington pardons them immediately after they are convicted.

Which two tribes led resistance against the American colonies in the Ohio River valley following the revolution

-two tribes joined together

-the Miami (Ohio) tribe led by chief little turtle

-the shawnee tribe led by chief blue jacket

-the two tribes join force and defeat Josiah Harmer in 1790 and Arthur St. Clair in 1791.

"Mad Anthony" Wayne

The leader of the army that crushed the Miami and Shawnee tribes of the Northwest Territory in 1794.

-Declared total war against the native Americans (burning and looting)

Battle of the Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Effect of the French Revolution on the United States

- French Monarchy wanted help from the Americans, since they helped during the American revolution

-Federalists (northern states) had ties to Britain through family or business and hesitate to side with the French

-Democratic Republicans, such as Jefferson, wanted to support the French.

-Officially the government remains neutral

Proclamation of 1793

Washington proclaimed that the United States would remain neutral in foreign conflicts.

Ambassador Genet

- Royal French ambassador to the colonies.

-gets rejected when he requests help from the federal government.

-Genet goes to the southern colonies and tries to put together a fleet in spite of the federal government with the help of Jefferson.

-Federal gov. pulls his credentials and wants to send him back to France.

-They let him stay in the U.S. as the new French government will chop his head off.

Negative consequences of war in Europe on American trade

- Royal Navy blockades the Atlantic Ocean to hurt France, also hurts American trade

Jay's Treaty

1794, "kind of a bs treaty"

Britain will move troops out of the Ohio River Valley and Americans will get limited trade in the West Indies

Britain still has the right to blockade transatlantic shipping, and search American ships

Pickney Treaty

Solidified borders regarding Spanish Florida

Gave Americans full use rights to the Mississippi river

Right of deposit in New Orleans

right of deposit

right to transfer goods and resupply at a destination without having to pay fees for the cargo

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in (European) Foreign affairs, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

1796 Election

- Since Washington sets the precedent of only 2 terms he does not run

- John Adams (federalist) wins presidency

- Thomas Jefferson (democratic-republicans) win vp.

-Aaron burr and Thomas pickney also run

XYZ Affair

- American diplomats are sent to meet Talleyrand (a French official)

-They are met with numerous officials, including Talleyrand himself demanding a bribe before an appointment

-Pickney authors a letter back to John Adams, a copy of which is leaked to a newspaper

Formation of the American Navy

The French navy want to paid off to allow American shipping

Adams is offended "I would rather spend a million in defense than a penny in tribute"

Adams requests congress for a navy.

Benjamin Stoddert is tasked with building the U.S. Navy

Alien and Sedition Acts

- passed by federalists to "protect American democracy"

- Alien Enemies Act (President can detain and deport foreigners in wartime)

-Alien Friends Act (president can detain and deport foreigners in the time of peace)

-Naturalization Act (You have to be in this country for 14 years before you can become a citizen)

Sedition Act (Anyone who speaks out against the government can be fined or thrown in jail)

Matthew Lyon

went to prison for four months as an elected member of the House of Representatives, goes to jail for publishing an anti-madison article.

Burgoyne and Howe

- British Generals Burgoyne and Howe were supposed to march across NY, cutting off New England from the rest of the colonies

Battle of Saratoga

- defeat of British general Burgoyne and Howe by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold.

-"turning point of the war"

-proved to France that the Americans could hold their own, resulted in increased French support.

Howe Brothers

William Howe - British Army general

Richard Howe - British Navy General

Nathan Hale

- American Spy tasked with observing British troops and their materials

-is noticed by the British, and is caught by the British

-"my only regret is that I only have one life to give to my country"

Thomas Paine

Author of "The American Crisis", a follow up of Common Sense.

- urges the colonists not to give up fighting as "these are the times that try men's souls"

Battle of Trenton

After crossing the Delaware river on Christmas, Washington ambushes the Hessians and British which are occupying Trenton and Princeton. Major victory for colonists.

Benjamin Franklin

goes overseas to gather people to help the American war effort, sends Lafayette, Pulaski, Kosciusko, and Von Steuben

Lafayette

French aristocrat who is a huge supporter of enlightenment ideals. Becomes a general in the continental army.

Pulaski

Polish who trains continental army to fight on horseback

Kosciusko

Polish trainer of the continental army

Von Steuben

Prussian, came over as a high ranked military general.

Trains the colonists in European military training at Valley Forge.

(fun fact: Von Steuben was openly gay and had relations with a officer in the continental army)

Bunker and Breeds Hill

colonial troops set up on breeds hill, initially intended to set up on bunker hill.

colonists fight off multiple waves of British soldiers, eventually they retreat after fighting off three different waves of British soldiers.

Vote for independence

Senator Lee proposes it, vote taken on June 2nd 1776, Declaration of Independence signed and ratified on July 2nd

Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson (va)
John Adams (mass)
B Franklin (penn)
Robert Livingston (NY)
R. Sherman (Conn)
all contributed to it

1. Preamble
2. Statement of Rights
3. 27 charges against the king
4. statement of freedom

Abigail Adams

wrote a letter "remember women" to encourage the writers to include Women's rights on the declaration of independence.

Tories

those who remained loyal to the British, 20% of population including the upper class in NY and NJ

Slavery in the Revolution (Virginia)

British colonial governor Lord Dunmore of Virginia frees all slaves in the colony, and invites others to be free.

This was an effort to undermine the Americans, as often slaves for loyalist plantations would be returned

20,000 join British and 5000 stay with the colonists

Native Americans during the Revolution

Stay loyal to British (mostly)

Joseph Brant, a Mohawk leader helps the British by attacking settlements

Virginia and Kentucky Resolution

- Anonymous resolutions in the states, saying that states are going to respond to a too powerful federal government.

-Says that states have the right to back out of the union if they feel the federal government has overstepped their bounds.

-They claim that states have the right to nullify a federal law.

-Jefferson wrote for Kentucky

-Madison wrote for Virginia

Logan Act

private citizens cannot negotiate with a foreign country

as a result of Jefferson saying that he will help out citizen Genet

Convention of 1800

Signed with Napoleon

takes us out of the treaty of alliance

ends XYZ affair

1800 election

- Adams runs for re-election (super unpopular)

-Jefferson runs
-Burr runs
(both are democratic-republicans)

-The federalists begin to slander Jefferson, calling him an atheist and exposing his relations with a slave.

Stalemate in the 1800 election

- Jefferson and Burr (both democratic-republicans) tie

-House has to decide the winner, voting 35 times without choosing a winner

Alexander Hamilton cuts a deal to support Jefferson, giving Jefferson the president.

-Burr is pissed at Hamilton because he thinks he deserved the election

-Jefferson gets prez, Burr gets VP

12th amendment

makes president and VP a separate ballot

Revolution of 1800

Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency.

The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.

Was a shock to European powers who thought that no person would peacefully hand power over to an opposing faction.

Richard Allen and Absalom Jones

A black bishop and a priest who formed the African Methodist Episcopalian Church, allowing blacks to worship.

Toissant L'Ouverture

-leader of the Haitian revolution.

-gets kidnapped by the French under a false flag operation,

-Louverture dies in a French prison in the alps

Consequences of the Haitian Revolution on the U.S.

-Dessalines takes over the revolution after Louverture dies.

-Dessalines massacres whites and is much more violent

-Southern plantation owners in the U.S. grow scared of slave revolts.

Gabriel's Conspiracy

Slave rebellion in 1800 in Richmond, Virginia; twenty-six rebels were hanged, leader was Gabriel Prosser. Was not successful because one of the conspirators gets cold feet and rats them out.

Eli Whitney

- invented cotton gin

-interchangeable parts for rifles, allowing them to be pass produced and repaired more effectively

Consequences of the cotton gin

Increase in African slaves in the south, Cotton becomes the number one crop in the colonies.

President Thomas Jefferson

- tried to reverse a lot of the expansion of the federalists

- "dehamiltonize"

-demands the national debt be paid quickly

-Does not like big cities, instead to remain where every person has land and can farm their own land.

-Lowers the scope of the navy

Judiciary Act of 1801

-created 16 new federal judge positions with federalists in each of those.

-"midnight appointments" are signed by Adams the day before Jefferson enters office

-Madison (working for Jefferson refuses to deliver these appointments, causes an argument.

- One of the federalists, Marbury, sues the federal government

Marbury v. Madison

Establishes Judicial review by Chief Justice John Marshall

Ruling states that the Judicial Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, rules in favor of Madison.

Appointments are delivered

Tripolitan War

- Jefferson sends navy to protect American shipping form barbary pirates

-USS Philadelphia runs aground and is captured, 300 citizens are held ransom

-Jefferson sends the navy, under Stephen Decatur to go get them.

-Decatur burns the USS Philadelphia so the pirates can't use it, and defeats the pirates Marine Core does not find the hostages

-U.S. laters pays the ransom for the hostages

Treaty of Ildefonso

a secret treaty signed in 1800 which stated the formal transfer of Louisiana from Spanish to France again; it was kept a secret from Britain because France was afraid that they would try to take control of it

Louisiana Purchase

- US wants to buy port of New Orleans for 10 million

-Monroe and Livingston are sent to deal with Talleyrand (French foreign minister)

-The French counter, say that they will sell all of the Louisiana territory for 15 million.

-Thomas Jefferson, a small government supporter, said DO IT, without congressional approval, calls it the "empire for liberty"