Biology-Plants!🌱🥀🌾

Seedless Nonvascular (Ex: moss, liverworts, hornworts)

· No seeds, reproduce by spores

· No vascular tissue meaning they cannot grow tall

Seedless Vascular (Ex: ferns, horsetails)

· No seeds

· Have structures to transport water and nutrients

- Xylem – tissue that carries water from roots to other parts of the plant

- Phloem – transports nutrients and carbs produced from photosynthesis (glucose)

Seeded Plants

· Seed – plant embryo and food supply

Two types:

1. Gymnosperms – have cones that bear seeds

- Vascular, produce seeds not protected by fruit

- Produce cones, seeds develop in female cones not male

- No flowers

- Have needle-like or scale-like leaves

- Uses: lumber, paper, perfumes

- Ex: pine trees, spruce trees

2. Angiosperms – have seeds inside flowers

- Vascular, produce seeds protected by fruit

- Have flowers

o Monocots – have petals in multiples of 3 (3, 6, 9, 12, etc.,) long thin leaves with straight veins

o Dicots – have petals in multiples of 4 or 5 (4, 5, 8, 10, etc.,) wide leaves with branched veins

- Uses: cinnamon, sugar, cotton

- Ex: pepper plant, apple tree, magnolia tree, daisy, petunia

· Woody – have large wood stems (Ex: trees, shrubs, vines)

· Herbaceous – green and flexible stems (Ex: flowers)

· Annuals – grow in one season, do not grow back the next year

· Biennials – grows small in first year, grows large in the next year, doesn’t grow back after that

· Perennials – get bigger and grow back each year

Roots

- Absorb water and nutrients from soil

1. Tap root – long and thick primary root with smaller roots branching off of it

2. Fibrous root - many equally sized roots

Anatomy of a Root

· Dermal tissue – protects and absorbs (have root hairs)

- Epidermis - made of dermal tissue, outermost layer

- Root hairs - increase surface area, have active transport proteins to uptake nutrients

- Water is absorbed by osmosis, roots create pressure to force water up the roots to the rest of the plant

· Ground tissue

- Cortex – stores glucose and starch

- Endodermis – movement of water and minerals

· Xylem – tissue that carries water from roots to other parts of the plant

· Phloem – transports nutrients and carbs produced from photosynthesis (glucose)

· Root cap – protects the growing tip of a root