Election of 1800
Definition: A significant political shift where Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams, marking the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history.

Thomas Jefferson Louisiana Purchase
Definition: The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France, which doubled the size of the U.S. and opened up the west for expansion.

Jefferson Embargo
Definition: An economic policy implemented by Thomas Jefferson that prohibited American ships from trading with foreign nations, aimed at Britain and France during their war, but hurt the U.S. economy.

James Madison War of 1812
Definition: A conflict between the U.S. and Britain over issues like trade restrictions, impressment of U.S. sailors, and British support for Native American attacks on U.S. settlers.

Rise of Nationalism (John Marshall)
Definition: A period where national pride and unity increased, with John Marshall's Supreme Court decisions often strengthening the federal government.

Western War Hawks
Definition: A group of young congressmen, primarily from the West and South, who pushed for war against Britain leading up to the War of 1812, including figures like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

Hartford Convention
Definition: A series of meetings where New England Federalists discussed grievances over the War of 1812 and considered secession, which weakened the Federalist Party after the war ended successfully for the U.S.

Election of 1824 / Corrupt Bargain
Definition: The highly contested presidential election where no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote, and John Quincy Adams was chosen as president by the House of Representatives, allegedly due to a deal with Henry Clay.

Andrew Jackson / Election of 1828
Definition: Andrew Jackson’s landslide victory, representing the rise of the "common man" in politics and the beginning of a more democratic political system.

Democratic Party
Definition: A political party founded by supporters of Andrew Jackson, advocating for states' rights, a limited federal government, and the interests of the common man.

Indian Removal Act
Definition: Legislation signed by Andrew Jackson authorizing the forced relocation of Native American tribes from the southeastern U.S. to territories west of the Mississippi River, leading to the Trail of Tears.

Nullification Crisis
Definition: A political confrontation during Andrew Jackson’s presidency, where South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, declared that they could nullify federal tariffs they deemed unconstitutional.

Tariff of Abominations
Definition: A high tariff on imports passed in 1828 that angered southern states, particularly South Carolina, as they felt it hurt their economy while benefiting northern industries.

Compromise Tariff
Definition: A tariff passed in 1833 as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis, gradually reducing the Tariff of Abominations to appease South Carolina and maintain peace.

Re-charter of the Second National Bank
Definition: The contentious political struggle over the renewal of the charter for the Second Bank of the United States, which Andrew Jackson opposed and ultimately led to its closure.

Whigs
Definition: A political party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, advocating for a strong federal government, modernization, and economic protectionism.

John C. Calhoun
Definition: A prominent South Carolina politician who championed states' rights, nullification, and slavery, serving as vice president and a senator.

Daniel Webster
Definition: A leading American senator from Massachusetts known for his defense of the federal government and his opposition to nullification and slavery.

Henry Clay American System
Definition: A plan proposed by Henry Clay to strengthen and unify the U.S. economy through a protective tariff, a national bank, and federally funded transportation improvements.

Market Revolution
Definition: A period of rapid economic expansion in the U.S. marked by advancements in transportation, communication, and industry, leading to the growth of markets and capitalism.

Lowell Mill Girls
Definition: Young women who worked in the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, symbolizing the rise of industrial labor and the early labor movement.

Second Great Awakening
Definition: A religious revival movement in the 1830s-1840s that promoted individual salvation, democratic religious participation, and sparked reform movements like abolition and temperance.

Transcendentalism / (Dark) Romanticism
Definition: Philosophical and literary movements emphasizing individualism, nature, and personal intuition, with Transcendentalism advocating for the inherent goodness of people and Romanticism exploring the darker aspects of humanity.

Temperance Movement
Definition: A social reform movement aimed at reducing or eliminating the consumption of alcohol, which many believed was the root of social problems.

Utopian Movements
Definition: Social experiments like Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida, and the Shakers, where people tried to create ideal communities based on equality, shared property, and spiritual goals.

Enslaved Blacks / Free African Americans Upper South & Lower (Deep) South
Definition: The division between the Upper South, where slavery was declining, and the Lower (Deep) South, where slavery was entrenched and expanding due to the cotton industry.

Abolitionists / Frederick Douglass Antislavery Movements
Definition: The movement to end slavery in the U.S., led by figures like Frederick Douglass, who was a former enslaved person and a powerful advocate for abolition.

Slave Rebellions: Prosser, Vesey, Turner
Definition: Uprisings by enslaved people, including Gabriel Prosser (1800), Denmark Vesey (1822), and Nat Turner (1831), who sought to resist and end slavery, though all were suppressed.

Seneca Falls Convention
Definition: The first women's rights convention held in 1848, which called for equal rights, including the right to vote, and produced the Declaration of Sentiments.

Declaration of Sentiments
Definition: A document modeled on the Declaration of Independence, presented at the Seneca Falls Convention, demanding equal rights for women, including suffrage.

Transportation Revolution
Definition: The period of rapid growth in the development of roads, canals, railroads, and other transportation infrastructure, facilitating westward expansion and economic growth.

James Monroe Era of Good Feelings
Definition: A period during Monroe's presidency marked by political unity, the decline of the Federalist Party, and a sense of national purpose following the War of 1812.

Missouri Compromise
Definition: Legislation passed in 1820 that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and prohibited slavery in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory.

Monroe Doctrine
Definition: A U.S. foreign policy statement declaring that the Americas were off-limits to further European colonization and that any interference would be seen as a threat to U.S. interests.