Comprehensive Notes on Mark Twain's Corn-pone Opinions

Corn-pone Opinions by Mark Twain

Mark Twain's "Corn-pone Opinions" explores the idea that truly independent thought is nearly impossible, arguing that people primarily conform to societal norms and external influences rather than forming original opinions.

Early Observations and the Black Philosopher

Twain recounts his youth in a Missourian village where he admired a young black slave who delivered satirical sermons. This man, referred to as Jerry, believed that a person's opinions are heavily influenced by their need for "corn pone," or basic sustenance and social acceptance. Jerry suggests that people tend to adopt the prevailing views of their community to avoid social and economic repercussions.

Corn-pone Opinions Defined

Corn-pone opinions are those derived from external sources, lacking original thought or critical analysis. Twain agrees with Jerry's assessment to a point, but argues that conformity isn't always a calculated decision. He doubts the existence of truly "first-hand" opinions, formed through unbiased analysis, suggesting such opinions are rare and quickly lost.

The Force of Conformity

Twain asserts that independent thought on matters like fashion, manners, literature, politics, or religion is exceedingly rare. He illustrates this with the example of the hoopskirt, initially ridiculed but later embraced due to the instinct to conform. This instinct stems from the need for self-approval, which is largely derived from the approval of others.

Societal Influence and Imitation

New trends are often initiated by influential figures, leading the masses to follow suit. Conversely, items fall out of style as people observe others abandoning them, creating a ripple effect. Twain argues that we get our notions, habits, and opinions from external influences rather than through our own study. He suggests that we are creatures of imitation, not invention, and what we perceive as standards are simply transient fashions.

Examples of Conformity

Twain provides examples from literature and social customs to support his argument. He notes how literary styles change over time due to the influence of authority, with conformity following. Similarly, shifts in social behaviors, such as table manners, are adopted without conscious reasoning, driven by the desire to fit in.

The Source of Opinions

According to Twain, morals, religions, and politics are largely shaped by surrounding influences, associations, and sympathies, rather than independent thought. He argues that self-approval is rooted in the approval of others, leading to conformity. While self-interest can play a role, Twain believes that the desire for social acceptance and praise is the primary driver.

Political Conformity

Twain highlights how political emergencies amplify corn-pone opinions. People often align with a particular viewpoint either out of self-interest or a sentimental need to belong. He laments how individuals abandon their principles for the sake of social acceptance, swayed by the approval of influential figures within their group.

The Illusion of Thought

Twain challenges the notion of independent political thought, suggesting that people primarily think within the confines of their party. They consume only partisan literature, leading to biased convictions. He criticizes the tendency to mistake feeling for thinking, resulting in what is revered as public opinion, which some even consider the "Voice of God."

Criticisms of Twain's Argument

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