Networking

NETWORK

What is a Network?

A network is simply two or more computers or devices connected together so they can share data, files, and resources such as printers or an internet connection.

Types of Networks

Networks are classified mainly by the size of area they cover:

Local Area Network (LAN) – covers a small area such as one building or school, like the computer lab in this school where all the systems are connected.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – covers a city or town, similar to how a bank connects all its branches across Abuja.

Wide Area Network (WAN) – covers a large geographical area, even across countries; the internet itself is the biggest example of a WAN.

Personal Area Network (PAN) – covers a very short range, such as connecting your phone to a Bluetooth earpiece.

Network Topology

Network topology is the pattern or layout showing how devices are arranged and connected in a network.

Bus Topology – all devices share a single main cable.

Star Topology – every device connects to one central device (a hub or switch).

Ring Topology – devices are connected in a closed loop, and data moves round in one direction.

Mesh Topology – every device connects directly to every other device, giving many alternative paths; this is reliable but costly.

Network Devices

Certain hardware devices make networking possible:

Router – directs data between different networks and connects a network to the internet.

Switch – connects several devices within the same network and sends data only to the intended device.

Hub – connects multiple devices but sends data to all of them at once, less efficient than a switch.

Modem – converts signals so a network can connect to an internet service provider.

Network Interface Card (NIC) – the component inside a computer that allows it to connect to a network.

Benefits of Networking

Resource sharing – one printer or internet connection can serve many computers, saving cost.

Communication – users can send messages, files, and emails instantly.

Data sharing – files can be stored centrally and accessed by everyone permitted.

Cost savings – buying one shared resource is cheaper than buying separate ones for every device.