Chapter 10 Social Studies Test
Section 1: A New Party in Power
This section’s objective is:
Describe how John Marshall affected the powers of the Supreme Court and the federal government.
The Election of 1800
Federalists: supported the re-election of John Adams for Pres, Pinckney for VP
Dem. Republicans: supported Thomas Jefferson for Pres, Burr for VP
Both sides relied on the use of personal attacks on the other to gain support of their party
It’s a tie!
Two separate ballots were cast by each elector, without indicating which was for President or Vice President
Jefferson and Burr continued to receive the same number of votes
Tiebreaker goes to House of Representatives
Decision was very close, but one Federalist split and decided to Jefferson instead of Burr
Led to passage of the 12th amendment in 1803 - separate ballots for Pres and VP so another tie wouldn’t happen
Jefferson’s Inauguration
First President to be inaugurated in Washington DC
Walked from the boarding house to the Senate to take his oath of office
First President to have his Inaugural Address published in the newspaper
Jefferson as President
Surrounded himself with people that shared similar views
Reduced number of federal government workers
Got rid of most federal taxes, collected only custom duties, or taxes on some imported goods
Judiciary Act of 1801
New Chief Justice: John Marshall
Created federal court system with 3 levels and outlined the powers of each – district, court of appeals, Supreme Court
Marbury v. Madison
On his last day as President, Adams fills the court with as many Federalist judges as possible.
They were called “midnight judges” - Adams waited until 9 o’clock on his last night as President to appoint them.
Jefferson becomes President, but some of Adams’ judges have not yet received their official commissions. Jefferson tells his Secretary of State, James Maddison, not to deliver these.
William Marbury is one of the judges affected by Jefferson’s decision.
Marbury says Judiciary Act of 1801 gives the Supreme Court the right to do this
Chief Justice John Marshall has to answer 3 questions:
Is Marbury entitled to his job?
Is he entitled to some remedy to the situation?
Does the SC have the power to enforce the ruling?
*Ruling: Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1801 was unconstitutional as it gave power to the SC that was stated in the Constitution. Therefore, the JA was illegal and could not be followed.
Marshall’s ruling established Judicial Review *- Supreme Court can declare laws and actions of Congress and the Executive Branches unconstitutional
Judicial review has increased the Supreme Court’s legal authority… making it a much stronger branch and allowing it to serve as a check on the powers of the other branches of government. This precedent has shaped the relationship between the judiciary and the legislative and executive branches, ensuring that all laws align with constitutional principles.
Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase
This section's objectives are:
Locate the Louisiana Purchase on a map and discuss the importance of the purchase.
Analyze primary sources to learn more about the Lewis and Clark expedition.
Word to know: Secede- to withdraw or break away from a nation or organization
Moving Westward
Area West of Mississippi River, Louisiana Territory, belonged to Spain
Many pioneers would travel Westward in search of new land
Many set up farms along rivers that fed into the Mississippi in order to ship their goods down to New Orleans
The French Threat
In 1802, the Spanish suddenly stopped allowing Americans to to move their goods freely in Spanish territory
President Jefferson learned that Spain and France had secretly agreed to transfer the Louisiana Territory to France
Jefferson feared France’s leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, wanted to create French empires around the world
Napoleon and Santo Domingo
Santo Domingo = Modern day Haiti, French colony at the time
A slave named Toussaint L’Ouverture led slaves in SD to revolt against the French plantation owners
Rebels won, declared SD an independent nation, name changed to Haiti
Napoleon sent troops in 1802 to regain control, but was unsuccessful
An Expanding Nation
Napoleon needs money to finance his war with Britain
Now without Santo Domingo, France has little use for the Louisiana Territory
Territory was put “up for sale” to U.S. representatives, but they did not feel they had the power to accept the offer.
U.S. realized the deal was too good to pass up, eventually offered $15 million for the territory, the French accepted
The deal left Jefferson feeling conflicted…
Jefferson’s Dilemma
The Big Question - Does the Constitution grant the President the power to purchase land? (NO!)
His political beliefs- He is a Democratic Republican and believes in a weaker central government, strict interpretation of the Constitution
So…
If Jefferson was to stay true to his beliefs, he would have no Constitutional Power to purchase land. However, he turns to loose interpretation for this issue and makes the purchase.
Louisiana Purchase
Bought from France for $15 million
Doubled the size of the US
Gained control of New Orleans and the Mississippi River which is important for trade
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Jefferson persuaded Congress to sponsor an expedition to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory
He wanted to document the territory’s people, plants, animals, and recommended sites for future forts
Another goal: finding and mapping the Northwest Passage, the water route across North America - trade with Asia
Jefferson chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to head the expedition - both were well-informed, amateur scientists
The Expedition Begins
Together, L&C assembled a team of sailors, gunsmiths, carpenters,, and scouts for the expedition
Two men of Native American and French heritage served as interpreters
Spring of 1804 - expedition left St. Louis and went up the Missouri River
A Shoshone woman named Sacagawea joined the expedition as a guide
Reached the Pacific Ocean after 18 months and nearly 4,000 miles walked
They returned to St. Louis in the Fall of 1806
*L&C’s trip was important because: information was brought back about new plants, animals, and Native tribes, it inspired people to begin to move westward.
A Federalist Plan to Secede
Federalists in the NE were not happy about the Louisiana Purchase - they felt that westward expansion would weaken New England’s power
Feds in MA plotted to secede from the union and become the “Northern Confederacy”
Many Feds turned to a powerful Fed in NY, Aaron Burr, for support
Hamilton and Burr Duel
Hamilton began to feel concerned over rumors of secession
On top of not trusting him, he now heard that Burr was planning to help the NE secede from the Union, so he accused Burr of treason.
Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel after feeling Ham was responsible for the setbacks in his career
Burr shoots Hamilton, Hamilton dies the next day
The duel marked a significant turning point in American politics, illustrating the intense rivalries and personal conflicts that could arise during this period. The event not only ended Hamilton's influential political career but also set a precedent for how political disagreements could escalate into violence, leading to long-lasting implications for political discourse in the United States.