Scotts Notes
Indigenous america
Discovery:
Natives came to America through the Bering Strait from Asia, where over time they would spread further south
Clovis people artifacts found in new mexico from 13000 years ago, around time of the ice age, some artifacts are older than the ice bridge which may be because of ships in asia
Kennewick Man: 1996- 2 teens found a skull in a creek, dated back 9000 years, related to an ancient japanese tribe called jomon. They were known to travel continents
Mayans:
Empire from south mexico, guatemala, belize, yucatan peninsula
Developed for over 9000 years
History divided into Pre-classical, Classical, Post-classical
Pre-classical- First complex societies, cities, states, and ceremonial architecture.
Distinctive features- cultivated maize, beans, squash, and chili peppers, constructed pyramids, developed advanced hieroglyphics and writing systems
Classical- Consolidation of power, perfection of astronomy, mathematics, architecture, and visual arts, refining of the Mayan Calendar. Development of trade system with Caribbean
Post-classical- Time of cultural resurgence, with technological advancements in architecture, engineering, and weaponry. Migrated further north
By the time Spanish arrived, the Mayan empire was gone apart from city-states so they easily took them out. By 1524, Mayans were vacated most likely from the Spanish
Mayan Calendar- There are 3 separate calendars that can interlock, used to track different things. 1st one was for religious holidays, 2nd one was a solar calendar tracking 365 days, 3rd one tracked long periods of time. Mayans believed in cyclical life (infinite).
Life in the Mayan Empire- Ag work only done through manpower (no horses/llamas), tools were flint. Mayan/Aztec food is what we associate with Mexican food. Priests would hold religious festivals once a month and play a game called Pok-A-Tok. This game would settle conflicts??! It was a mix of soccer and basketball
Life in the mayan empire
Commoners did all this
Tools were made of obsidian and flint because no metal
They didnt have animals or so it was all man handled
Mayan and aztec are associated with mexico corns tortillas no spanish food (its seafood)
Priests hosted religious holidays and a game pok a tok settle conflict in warring groups between city states or noblemen sometimes losing teams would be sacrificed by priests. Mix between soccer and basketball through ball through hoop and use hips and thighs.
Mayan religion
Polytheistic- belief in multiple gods
animsitc- animals and plants had souls everything had soul (K’uh-what they called souls)
Basic idea-sliciale tree of life belief in lower world and upper world
Xibalba-where you start before and gods and ghost reside their
Life-existent
Tamoanchan -paradise (you have to make sacrifices)
Animals and plants were created before humans gods mad they can't speak then make humans
Human sacrifice was not normal
Bloodletting-cut self and then bleed into bowl and give to Xibalba
Human sacrifice 3 methods
Decapitation
Throw living person into a natural well (coco giant crater thing)
(Aztec more so) remove the heart- cut abdomen sternum bone and just reach in
Move up tree dying in childbirth battle pok a tok and suicide or making enough sacrifice
Ixtab- goddess of suicide
Aztec empire
Aztec empire most documented in this region
Started 1345-1521 and peaked
Has peak 15th hundreds
Mesoamerica best documented civilization
They would have been in mexico
Europeans come and pronounced it mexico but called it mashiko some scholars thought too close to mexico so aztec
Tepanec war of 1100 AD tenochtitlan central mexico region
mashiko did not rule till they teamed up and then ruled
They were successful system was called chinampas created man made island on water and grabbed and rotate crops and pick what grown
Leader- nobility -commoners -slaves
Own spoken language nahuatl hieroglyphics for written
Calpuli were in charge of the government take care of taxes and basic needs
Aztec sacrifice only happened because of natural disaster so they thought gods were mad so human sacrifice came to be and spain thought it was horrible
Heart extraction was made most popular they believed heart is essence of a person and contained sun energy
Sun god was the most important and worshiped the sun
Founding of aztec empire started in somewhere called aztlan land of white heirings huizilopachtli ordered mashika them to find new place an eagle with a snake in its mouth on a cactus would mean there in the right place (mexican flag)
Aztec religion
Fear of the end of the world
There were suns for each stage 5 stages
5th cosmic stage and after that everything would be over and this one was the last gods had tried 4 times and failed
Every 52 years the world would end and then throw away everything and if they saw a constellation theyd wait another 52 (not but was big dipper)
Prophecies were major part of religion
Scholars believed that aztec erin cortez incarnate version of their god ketalcordal
They were buried in a squatting position to look in the overworld
Native (north)america
Difference between north and central america complex societies and moving around
They were mainly nomadic
Cherokee
Existed in modern appalachian area present in this region since 8000 BC
First encounter between spanish and cherokee was in 1540 when eurando denado
1629-1673 cherokee made trade between english 140000 square miles of land
Theyre are no longer people there because of andrew jackson made them to move to oklahoma
Cherokee religion
Centered primarily on balance preserve the balance
Legend of diseases they were take too much from animals and so they created disease and plants felt bad so they became medicine so then cherokee learned their lesson
Green corn ceremony and if they had too much they'd burn it and sacrifice it to the gods
Going into water of lake and they would be cleansed and reborn
Cherokee culture
Give themselves tattoos for like triumph ot battle more tattoos you had the more respect you had they would use sharp fish or bones and rub coal or okra in a poke holes and while it was still open and hope it would stain
Make jewelry out of beads or nuts, berries, seeds, and shells
Clothes of tree bark very thin mulberry bark
The algonquin
There's a tribe and people (east coast that speaks the language)
Established hierarchy culture
Chief, chiefs children, nobility, then commoners
Preferred to live near rivers for travel purposes
Reside in longhouses- one room in house then add room when kids grew and got marriedup added one
The iroquois
The most complex government system of any north american native tribe
Had a different “people of the longhouse
Lived in upstate new york and canada for 4000 years
Iroquois confederacy had 5 tribes:seneca, cayuga, onondaga, and mohawk
Bicameral legislature- two houses representatives called ‘sachem’ sent to the government council seneca and mohawk making decision and cayuga and onondaga made decisions and if there's a disagreement and the onondaga would make final decisions
They had a constitution notable part: women had the part of distributing the food so id they mad at someone they don't have to feed them women were linked to the power to create life so thats why
Iroquois religion
Polytheistic worships SPIRITS
Dreams were important they thought it would revealed prophecies
Religious ceremonies- false face mask (secret society) they believed they had dreams about spirits and what they looked like so they made a mask about what the spirits looked like and did dances and rituals and got special powers like healing
Lakota
Also called the sioux comes from an insult rival tribe was the ojibwe french settlers came across ojibwe called them snaked to the french adapted it to sioux. Basically called snake
Lakota religion
Very religious had sacred pipe
Sweat lodging (like sauna) purification
Vision quest
Sun dances
Girls into women (girl getting period) she's ready for marriage
Making relatives- birth
Throwing the ball- 4 people in square 4 cardinal directions little girl- innocent buffalo hair and hide ball thrown to each direction to show spirit is everywhere and the power of their greatest spirit coming down
Nagi uhapi- soul keeping(most important)-lock of hair from dead person burnt it over sweet grass and then wrapped it in bug skin they smoked it
The comanche
1700 when they come around they were formally the shoshone (wyoming) then half broke off and came to texas and oklahoma and had 12 in a group
The english expansion couldn't go more west is because the comanche were so violent/ cruel
Consisted of peace chief and war chief
They could frighten people because they had horses (they killed spanish and took the horses) they would put horses through rigorous training/break them so they could stand on their back and shoot arrows and pull on mens
Women tortured the captives ‘baby head texas’ kidnap settler children and raise them
1.took a girl and to warn them off put her head on spike
2.killed multiple kids and had multiple spikes
They would bury people alive with only head above
With guys take his bits shove down mouth sew mouth
Spain vs england
Imperialism- (building empire) large country uses military make inhabitant and bring people
Leif erikson- 5000 years before columbus came to america landed in 1000
Newfoundland in canada is where he landed in found in 1960s evidence of artifacts
Viking settlers stay there for a decade
Snory first baby born on north america
Conflicts with native tribes so they left
St brendan the navigator
Theory- irish munk sailed in something called a ‘currach’ sailed to florida before leif in the year 500 (NO EVIDENCE) some mad scientist built currach and it was possible but not proven
Treaty of tordesillas
Theocracy - country where church is more powerful than the queen and king not the government (spain and portugal)
Spain and portugal were fighting and then went to the pope and he drew the line and west (spain) east (portugal)
Other countries had control over the countries also some places were not in control by the pope (spain got lucky cuz north and south america)
Spices
European exploration happened because they wanted spices for food and medicine and they were very rare and wealthy
Popular- black pepper, cinnamon, cuman, and more
To be burned as incense and put on floors and on skin for perfume
Prince of buckingham used 2 pounds of spice per day with black pepper and ginger
By late 1400s land based trade routes became too dangerous by ottoman empire
Then they went in water maritime exploration
Christophetr columbus
Opened gateway for exploration to other european countries
Schools of astronomy mathematics
Sent by king ferdinand and queen isabella to go to american
From italy
Made 4 expeditions to the american continents regions of states only the islands
Very 1st settlement that was established was fort de navidad
1493 town of isabella was built on modern day hade (named after queen of spain isabella)
They didn't find the spices they wanted but gold
Columbus captures indigenous folks and make them get gold and since there wasn't none would chop their hands off and make them wear it around their neck
So then they started trading slaves legally for money called “encomienda”
7 indigenous people captured and would showed isabella and she was like no then yes just in the new world
“These people don't have as many weapons we do and can make them do whatever we want”
Triangle: peninsulares (spain orn) creoles(born in new spain of spanish parents) mestizos (born of mix parents spanish and native americans), native americans , and then last is enslaved people(from africa and caribbean)
Monarch
King ferdinand and queen isabella they were ones that sent him to the new world and spanish inquisition (where they killed jews and muslims)
Cahrles V also called charles the first he was the 5th charles in his family, but 1st king named charles (great great grandson is charles II )want to make spain more money and powerful
Exolores
Spanish exploration of north america
Beginning 1530s in southern eastern and southwestern regions of North america was limited to the borderlands
Hernan cortes he wanted to be an explorer but he dad wanted him to be a scholar
He met Basquiz and they were friends and he had another friend whose sister he was going to marry, but then he wanted to invade mexico. Then he didn't get to invade because Basquiz heard what happened. Then he went and invaded without permission
Invades and kills all mayan people
Cortez makes friends with aztec empire montezuma and makes friends with leader of tlaxcalans xicotenga that hate the aztec and defeat the aztec then through disease kills the people who killed the aztec and also killed aztec by disease and lack of food
Cortez names it mexico city and claims it for spain they removed him from being governor because he's bad at his job he died by pluralize
Juan ponce de leon (de ___ means a status symbol of where they're from) other spanish explorers were jealousy because he discovered florida(it means easter because it was formed around that) and so started rumors that he looked for fountain of youth
He also founded the island of puerto rico and he claims it for spain (it means rich port) he has a settlement called john the baptist
He dies by being shot by a poison arrow by the calusa
Hernando de soto and the battle of mabila
Explored a lot of south america and claimed it for spain
And then goes to north america and the mabila took place in modern mobile alabama
When they went to alabama and meet chief tuscaloosa and capture him and take him to the center of mabila and then natives tried to get him back and that's how the battle breaks out and spanish win the battle and they killed all the natives and tuscaloosa
Hernando thought he was a god and tried to convince natives he was a god and was wrapped in a blanket and buried in the mississippi river
St augustine (florida)
Know as the oldest town in the united states because it was known of as the first permanent european settlement
The french tried to set up settlements and spanish no like and kill the french
Philip II (king of spain)and bloody mary
King was alive in the golden age because of him and considered the most powerful
He has a group of islands called the philippines
Timeline 1554 marries marry so that she could make england catholic and because she couldn't bare kids he left and she was once engaged to his dad and 4 yrs after dies and her half sister becomes the queen and philip aks for marriage she said no. and then tries to go invade england. Then gave a nice speech. The English beat Spain and became world power over spain.
Sir francis drake
Nicknamed el drago (the dragon)
Working for great britain and queen requested to take down any spain settlement and he was feared and a bounty for 1.8 billion was on his head (20,000 ducks) when he attacked st augustine he did it in 20 minutes
England now has the upper hand
John Cabot
STARTED exploration for the english. He was important to the new world by the English (he was going to America for England) in 1497. He goes further north he lands in canada and discovers newfoundland as newfoundland and also dies thinking he found asia. Leaves for a second voyage to claim the colony and he gets shipwrecked and he and his son both die. lol
Sir Humpbrey gilbert
1578 got permission to start the colony in newfoundland. First attempt failed and he didn't have enough supplies and the crew did not obey him. the 2nd expedition succeeds and on the way back his ship sinks. His half brother starts the expedition with Sir Walter raleigh.
Sir walter raleigh
Was on the first expedition. Remembered for scandal of colonization, he was a philosopher, historian, poet, and scholar. Queen Elizabeth's favorite and in love with her. Goes to Ireland and stops the rebellions there and Elizabeth boosts his reputation and enables him to join parliament. Now he's in parliament in 1584 his colony fails. She said they could make more colonies, but for a bit wouldn't let him go on sea. After exploration and becoming the queen's captain bodyguard. 1587 he gets knighted and they exchange poems. (me and who). 1591 he impregnates another woman, a lady, in waiting for elizabeth. Throws them in prison along with the baby and the baby dies and lets the baby out and then says you can't serve in parliament for 5 years but after a few months he goes on again. He goes and looks for el dorado city of love. Then queen elizabeth dies and so the cousin takes over and beheads him.
Roanoke and Jamestown
Roanoke was supposed to be the first english settlement by sir walter raleigh it was on an island 3 expeditions. They all fail (for lack of supplies and indigenous) but the 3rd one was the one we know about. John white takes 120 men women including his pregnant daughter on this 3rd expedition. After 1 and a half months they run out of supplies and he goes to England for supplies. This is when England is at war in spain. He cant get back after 3 years because of this. There was a system so if they had to leave they would carve into a tree. A cross meant they were attacked. They went to the island of Croatoan, a nearby island and a tribe of the same name. He tries to go there but there was a hurricane and goes to England and dies.There were two theories of what happened. 1. Pocahontas' dad killed them for not agreeing and going with the rival tribe. 2. Integrated with the croatoan and had kids with them.
Jamestown was the real first english settlement that lasted. 1607 was when founded. King james the 1st sends this. They have to use the virginia colony because the french were above them and spanish below them. They named it after the king. The first to approach them was the powhatan tribe. They were originally hostile because of the spanish and then they made friends together. Their main priority was gold. They were relying powhatan people to give them food. At first it was fine then they took to much of their food, but didnt start planting food. The chief powhatan (pochatonas dad) was also called wahunsenakah. John smith his plan was to find other tribes to take food from he was gonna take it by force when they wouldn't give him more. 1609 chief dad realized the english were not leaving he sent attackers. When they asked he said he wasnt sending attackers. Winter 1609-10 they got scared and wouldn't go hunt and 80-90% of them died. The 10% of them survived by killing little animals and shoes that were cow hide and ate each other. Jamestown jane when she was 13 when she died and she had bite marks in her skull from people. John smith had gotten in a gunpowder incident and went back to england and stole peoples stories. John rolfe saved them all and married pocahontas. He introduced to them tobacco. 2-3 years tobacco wears the soil out and they were cutting down trees and destroying it all for the natives. Anglo native lore this goes on for a decade. At the end of the war the powhatans truce was pocahontas had to marry john rolfe. Pochahontas had three names and her birth name is amonute and two nicknames were matoaka and of course pocahontas. She had married someone in the tribe before the war. She was converted into christianity and was now named rebecca. He always wrote about how she was too independent. They had a son. She had fallen ill and died at 21 on a ship.
The thirteen colonies
They were all founded for different reasons and they have to serve the british monarchy
Maryland- formed by cecil celvert was a safe place for catholics because they were being executed named after queen mary the first settlement was called st mary city. They wanted all christian denominations to be tolerated but nothing else. Then there's the Maryland act of toleration where it inspired the first amendment. They Are attacked by nearby protistans and then outlaw catholicism and forced to convert them and restricted to vote
Rhode island- formed by anna baptists or baptists originally believed in the separation in church and state. Anna baptist was named because they wanted people to choose to join instead of being a baby and getting it. Practiced complete freedom of religion for ALL. The first baptist church was made here.
Some people had to pay to go to heaven because they didn't want people to read the bible martin luther said ‘yall suck’ and protistine was made
Pilgrims and puritans
Pilgrimage- a journey for religious reasons (they want to separate from the church of england) they go to holland (in the netherlands) but the Netherlands is at war with Spain so they go and they get financed to go to colonies. They come to the new world and they start Plymouth 1620. When they arrive they have to stay on the mayflower for a couple months while their homes are being built. 2-3 people die every month; there's about 160 people when they finish. They encounter the indigenous people, the massasoit people. They make a treaty that if they dont hurt one another they chill, made around march 1621 they follow that with a feast (it's thanksgiving) They made the Mayflower compact 1st self government document made in the new world. Lead by william bradford
Puritans- though the church of england had too much catholic influence they wanted to purify it they started the Massachusetts bay colony 1630. Lead by john winthrop. 10 years after there are 10,000 people in existence the jewish people have to flee egypt and bro was like “thats us.”
Salem witch trials
Background of witchcraft- present since Europe since the 1300’s for mallevant sorcery. Accessing the power of the devil. Theocracy of paranoia government sanctioned with hunts this happens for over 300 years. Anything bad that's happened people assumed there was a witch. Famine, diseases, death, and illness, and bad weather, issues with family, disputes over inheritance, sexual dysfunction, and step parents, and disagreeing with parts of the bible. Single a witch, widowed, too ugly, too beautiful. Over 160 years 80,00 people were killed by witchcraft 80% were women.the malleus maleficarum 1497 by two german men about how to find and execute witches. The book states that more women are more likely to be witches because they are weaker and therefore want to increase their power. You had to have intimate relationships with the devil to be a witch. They believed they renounce god, carnal relations with the devil, and human sacrifice with kids. They also couldn't say who accused you of witchcraft. January 15th 1692-2693 Elizabeth Paris and Abigail Williams 7 and 9 years old 14 women and 6 men were killed. One way to find out if you were a witch they made you pee and made a cake and made a dog eat it if it died you're a witch. He was 80yrs old when accused but kinda meanie but he was accused of killing a farming buddy and did not testify anything and put rocks on him it took 2 days to die. His last words were “more weight” and put a curse on him. Later his wife was hanged. All the cheriff died of a heart attack at a young age till the sheriff that tortured him was removed.
The american revolution part 1 (french and indian war)
1753- It was between Great Britain and France and the natives helped the french. They were right next to each other. The only thing separating it was the English channel. The only people able to get into Britain was france. Great Britain is great at imperialism (building colonies or some) they are fighting over the Ohio river valley (Ohio, indiana, and pennsylvania ). The British and French put forts up and claim it as their own and fights break out and then a full on war. Virginia lieutenant governor robert goes to order someone to order them remove the fort and george washington is a major in the colonial army and had to tell the french to get out of the fort. They obviously do not remove their forts and they go by to make alliances with the natives. Mingos are the only ones that sided with the British because they hate the french. All others went with the French because of good relations. Migos leader ‘half king’ tandem greeson hes very trigger happy.
1754 benjamin franklin proposes albany plan of union all colonies should give military one man from each colony to make a colonial army to fight in the french and indian war.
Join or die- snake represents how if the colonies don't join together theyll get taken over by france and then wont have their own colony so the snake must come togeher
American revolution- french and indian war is important because it was too expensive and that leads to taxation
Jumonville glen- named after the commander that died (only lasted 15 minutes) George took his troops to scout out tents and wasn't intended to start a fight someone fires and then war. They used to fight formal war, make elaborate formations and then yelled fire and leaders stood back shooting them was a war crime and you would not kill the wounded. Then the colonists discover guerilla warfare. The British defeat french. Killed jumonville from the half king and this make them mad because they were doing informal war.
Edward braddock- really dumb guy is british sent by britsih king to end the war as fast as possible and make some alliances with the natives. Alienates natives that they should not have land and dies in first battle. Has meeting in native area and they ask ‘are you gonna let us have our land back’ ‘no’ so they leave.
Monongahela (1755)- this battle braddock fights in and dies. He gets shot in the lung dies three day later. Since he died george had to take over. He hops onto horse gets shot then a second gets shot then a third they loose and then after he had a bunch of bullet holes in the coat.
Stalemate- nothing going on for three years (1755-1758)
Ceasefire- everybody agrees to stop shooting
1758 they take fort louisbourg and fort frontenac taken by british
7 years war- in Europe Prussia (Germany) trying to take austria. France is friends with austria. Great Britain sends people to Prussia to take Austria to make France go back to Europe and take Canada away from france. Winston Churchill is cool(doesn't have anything to do with this) he says that this should be the first world war because of how many countries are involved.
Spain- they want canada or some king louis 15 goes to great britain and goes to king charles 3 and goes to war and france and Spain and fights Britain and they cant even fight great britain.
1761 family compact- french, spain, and britain
Great Britain is good at war and this forces a treaty, the Treaty of Paris 1763 to stop the French and Indian and 7 years war.
Proclamation line 1763- the colonists can't move past the Mississippi river or Appalachian mountain.
Taxation
Navigation act- you must only buy what we sell (great britain) and nobody could buy from anyone else and Hamilton was a great smuggler.
Sugar act 1764- had to do with rum (sugar and molasses got more expensive)
Currency act 1764- can't let colonist print their own money and its monitored
Stamp act 1765- if you want to make a legal document you had to have a specific stamp and its expensive its affected the rich
Quartering act 1765- gather taxes to make houses for soldiers if there are more they would then stay somewhere on the property.
Townshend act 1767- import tax when they get something they have to pay more