bio exam
1. Know what each cell does - mesenchymal cells, osteochondral progenitor cells, osteoblast (deposition), osteocyte, osteoclast (resorption), chondroblast, chondrocytes.
2. We compared cartilage versus bone tissue growth.
3. Know the difference between compact and spongy bone and where they are found on a typical long bone.
4. Be able to classify typical bones based on shape (long, short, flat, sesamoid, irregular).
5. Where is bone marrow found. What is hematopoiesis?
6. What is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?
7. What is the difference between ossification and calcification?
8. What is the difference between epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line? Know the 4 zones found in plates.
9. What is the difference between endosteum and periosteum?
10. What is the difference between interstitial growth and appositional growth?
11. Be able to identify parts of a long bone (epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis)
12. Identify parts of osteon (Haversian canal, different lamellae, lacunae, perforating canals)
13. Make sure to know the function of PTH and calcitonin, why they get released, how they affect osteoblast and -clast activity. Also do they affect other organs (i.e. kidneys) and how? How do they play a role in bone remodeling?
14. How do sex hormones play a role during puberty?
15. Know what growth hormone is and where it is secreted from. Also, know the disorders associated with growth hormone.
16. Know the steps to bone repair.
Joints
1. Be able to classify joints structurally (fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial) and functionally (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis).
Also give examples of each based on what we discussed in class.
2. Know different types of functional synovial joints (nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial) also structurally (plane, hinge, saddle, condylar, ball-and-socket)
3. Know the movements of synovial joints (actions) - flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, depression, etc.
Muscular System:
Start again with big picture just like in bones. Know your characters first before jumping into the story. Then work your way down to details.
1. Know the differences with different types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, smooth. Best way to learn this is to create a chart with number of nuclei, voluntary/involuntary, presence of striations, gap junctions presence
2. Know the difference between a general cell and a skeletal muscle fiber.
3. Don't get these terms confused: sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcomere, myofibril, myofilament.
4. What does these 3 surround respectively? Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium?
5. What is a fascicle versus fascia, versus fiber?
6. We talked about 4 major filaments: actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin. Pay particularly close attention to the fact that myosin is considered thick filament while the other 3 are thin. troponin and tropomyosin are forming a complex that are hiding the binding site on actin from myosin.
7. Be careful about I band, H band, A band, Z disks. Know which ones shorten (sliding filament theory)!
8. By now you know that neuromuscular junction function will be on the exam. Go through the whole story IN DETAIL. Paraphrase the story in your own words and use the jargon along with it. DON'T SKIP STEPS. On the exam, read the answer choices CAREFULLY. There will be some application questions.
9. Know the actin-myosin cross bridge cycle.
10. What leads to relaxation?
11. Go through clinical conditions and their pathogenesis (application of our story) with polio, tetanus, botulism, myasthenia gravis.
12. Know what a twitch is and the 3 phases of a twitch. Here is a question, think deeply about this - when would you see calcium ions binding to troponin during a muscle twitch?
13. Know the difference between treppe and multiple wave summation. Look at the graph and you will notice that treppe has a staircase resemblance. The muscle fully relaxes in between stimuli. Whereas in wave summations, muscles do not catch a break in between stimuli and continue to get larger tension. What is incomplete and complete tetanus? You may or may not see a graph on the exam.
14. Know the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. You don't need to go over the specific steps. What are the major take-home messages? How many ATP do they produce generally speaking? How about creatine phosphate?
15. Know the difference between glycolytic and oxidative muscle fibers (Type I, IIa, IIb). The chart does a great job in your PPT and book describing the differences.
16. What is isotonic and isometric contraction?
17. What does smooth and skeletal muscle contraction have in common?