Jeppesen Pre-Solo Written Exam Study Notes

Personal Documents and Endorsements for Solo Flight

• Required Documentation: Before conducting a solo flight, a student pilot must possess the following items:

  • Government-issued Photo ID.

  • Student Pilot Certificate.

  • Medical Certificate.

  • A logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor that is specific to the make and model of the aircraft to be flown.

• Legal References: Refer to 14 CFR § 61.3(a) & (c) and 14 CFR § 61.87(n).

Student Pilot Limitations and Privileges

• Passengers and Cargo: A student pilot is strictly prohibited from carrying passengers. They may not carry cargo for compensation or hire, nor can they fly for compensation or hire. (14 CFR § 61.89(a)(1), (2) & (3)).

• Visibility Requirements:

  • Daytime: Flight visibility must be at least $3\,statute\,miles$.

  • Nighttime: If authorized, flight visibility must be at least $5\,statute\,miles$.

• Surface Reference: All flights must be conducted with visual reference to the surface at all times. Student pilots are prohibited from flying above a continuous cloud layer (VFR over-the-top). (14 CFR § 61.89(a)(6) & (7)).

Responsibility and Preflight Actions

• Final Authority: The Pilot in Command (PIC) has the final authority and responsibility for the operation of the aircraft during solo flight. (14 CFR § 91.3(a)).

• Preflight Performance Review: For local flights, regulations require reviewing:

  • Weather reports and forecasts.

  • Fuel requirements and alternatives if the planned flight cannot be completed.

  • Known traffic delays.

  • Runway lengths at airports of intended use.

  • Takeoff and landing distance data under expected conditions including elevation, runway slope, aircraft weight, and temperature. (14 CFR § 91.103(a) & (b)).

Safety Regulations and Alcohol Policy

• Careless or Reckless Operation: Directing rocks, debris, or propeller blast toward other persons or aircraft during engine run-up is considered a violation, as it endangers safety and property. (14 CFR § 91.13(a)).

• Alcohol Consumption: A pilot may not fly within $8\,hours$ after consuming any alcoholic beverage or while having a blood alcohol concentration of $0.04\,\%$ or greater. (14 CFR § 91.17(a)(1) & (4)).

• Safety Belts and Harnesses: The PIC must brief all occupants on how to fasten and unfasten safety belts and shoulder harnesses. All passengers must have them fastened during taxi, takeoff, and landing. Crewmembers must keep them fastened at all times while at their stations. (14 CFR § 91.105, 14 CFR § 91.107).

Fuel and Equipment Requirements

• VFR Fuel Reserves:

  • Day: Enough fuel to reach the destination plus at least $30\,minutes$ of flight at normal cruising speed.

  • Night: Destination plus at least $45\,minutes$ of flight at normal cruising speed. (14 CFR § 91.151(a)).

• Transponder Requirements: A transponder with Mode C capability is required at all times in all airspace at and above $10,000\,feet\,MSL$, excluding airspace at and below $2,500\,feet\,AGL$. (14 CFR § 91.215(b)(5)).

• Required On-Board Documents (ARROW):

  • A: Airworthiness Certificate.

  • R: Registration Certificate.

  • R: Radio Station License (Required only for international flights).

  • O: Operating Limitations (POH/AFM, placards, and instrument markings).

  • W: Weight and Balance data. (14 CFR § 91.203, 14 CFR § 91.9).

Rules of the Air and Right-of-Way

• Proximity: No person may operate an aircraft close to another so as to create a hazard. (14 CFR § 91.111(a)).

• Approaching to Land: The aircraft at the lower altitude has the right-of-way, though it may not use this rule to cut in front of or overtake another aircraft on final approach. (14 CFR § 91.113(g)).

• General Right-of-Way Rules:

  • Overtaking: The aircraft being overtaken has the right-of-way. The overtaking aircraft must pass well clear to the right.

  • Head-on: Both aircraft must alter course to the right.

  • Converging: The aircraft on the right has the right-of-way; the aircraft on the left must give way. (14 CFR § 91.113(d), (e), & (f)).

Altitudes and Altimeter Settings

• Minimum Safe Altitudes:

  • Congested Areas: $1,000\,feet$ above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of $2,000\,feet$.

  • Other than Congested: $500\,feet\,AGL$ or (over water/sparse areas) no closer than $500\,feet$ to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure. (14 CFR § 91.119(b) & (c)).

• Altimeter Setting: If a local setting is unavailable, use the setting from a nearby station. If neither is available, set the altimeter to the departure airport's field elevation. (14 CFR § 91.121(a)(1)).

• VFR Cruising Altitudes (above $3,000\,feet\,AGL$):

  • Magnetic Course $000^{\circ}$ to $179^{\circ}$ (East): Odd thousand foot MSL altitude + $500\,feet$ (e.g., $3,500\,feet$, $5,500\,feet$).

  • Magnetic Course $180^{\circ}$ to $359^{\circ}$ (West): Even thousand foot MSL altitude + $500\,feet$ (e.g., $4,500\,feet$, $6,500\,feet$). (14 CFR § 91.159(a)).

Flight Procedures and Emergencies

• Maneuver Recovery: Recovery for steep turns, stalls, and slow flight must be completed no lower than $1,500\,feet\,AGL$.

• Go-Around Situations: Appropriate if the approach is unstable, the runway is obstructed, severe windshear occurs, or if unsafe conditions are perceived. (AIM 4-3-12).

• Engine Failure Steps:

  1. Pitch for Best Glide Speed ($68\,KIAS$).

  2. Navigate toward the best available landing site.

  3. Execute emergency restart checklist: Fuel Selector (Both), Fuel Pump (On), Mixture (Rich), Magnetos (Both).

  4. If no restart: Broadcast emergency on $121.50\,MHz$ and squawk $7700$.

  5. Complete forced landing checklist and secure systems before touchdown.

Cessna 172 SP Specific Information

• Day VFR Minimum Equipment (ATOMATO FLAMES):

  • A: Altimeter.

  • T: Tachometer.

  • O: Oil Pressure Gauge.

  • M: Manifold Pressure Gauge (N/A for C172SP).

  • A: Airspeed Indicator.

  • T: Temperature Gauge (N/A for C172SP).

  • O: Oil Temperature Gauge.

  • F: Fuel Gauge (for each tank).

  • L: Landing Gear Position Indicator (N/A for C172SP).

  • A: Anti-collision Lights (Strobe/Beacon).

  • M: Magnetic Direction Indicator (Compass).

  • E: Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT).

  • S: Safety Belts and Shoulder Harnesses. (14 CFR § 91.205(b)).

• V-Speeds for C172 SP:

  • $V_{S0}$ (Stall, Landing Config): $40\,KIAS$

  • $V_{S1}$ (Stall, Clean): $48\,KIAS$

  • $V_{X}$ (Best Angle of Climb): $62\,KIAS$

  • $V_{Y}$ (Best Rate of Climb): $74\,KIAS$

  • $V_{FE}$ (Max Flaps Extended): $110\,KIAS$ ($10^{\circ}$); $85\,KIAS$ ($20^{\circ}-30^{\circ}$)

  • $V_{A}$ (Maneuvering Speed at $2550\,lbs$): $105\,KIAS$

  • $V_{NO}$ (Max Structural Cruise): $129\,KIAS$

  • $V_{NE}$ (Never Exceed): $163\,KIAS$

• Best Glide Speed: $68\,KIAS$ at max weight.

• Flap Limitations: Max takeoff flap setting is $10^{\circ}$.

• Fuel and Oil:

  • Usable Fuel: $53\,gallons$ (Total capacity is $56\,gallons$).

  • Burn Rate: Approximately $10.0\,GPH$ at $75\,\%$ power.

  • Fuel Grades: $100LL$ (Blue) or $100$ Grade (Green). Mixing results in Clear/Colorless fluid.

  • Oil Capacity: Max $8\,quarts$; Min $5\,quarts$ for flight (Mechanical min is $2\,quarts$).

• Crosswind Component: Tested maximum is $15\,knots$.

• Engine Type: Lycoming IO-360 Fuel-Injected. It has no carburetor and thus no carburetor heat; it uses an automatic alternate air system.

• Performance (Sea Level, $80^{\circ}F$, $29.52\,in\,Hg$):

  • Takeoff over $50\,foot$ obstacle: $\sim 1,900\,feet$.

  • Landing over $50\,foot$ obstacle: $\sim 1,400\,feet$.

Airspace Operations and ATC Communications

• Class D Airspace: Typically surface to $2,500\,feet$ above airport elevation with a $4$ to $5\,NM$ radius. Must establish two-way radio communication prior to entry. (14 CFR § 91.129).

• Speed Limits:

  • Below $10,000\,feet\,MSL$: $250\,knots$.

  • Inside Class B: $250\,knots$.

  • Underlying Class B or in VFR corridor: $200\,knots$. (14 CFR § 91.117).

• ATC Instructions: If an instruction compromises safety or violates FARs, refuse the clearance and declare "unable" immediately. (14 CFR § 91.3(a)).

• ATC Light Gun Signals:

  • In Flight: Steady Green (Cleared to land); Flashing Green (Return for landing); Flashing Red (Airport unsafe); Steady Red (Give way, continue circling).

  • On Ground: Flashing Red (Taxi clear of runway); Flashing Green (Cleared to taxi).

• Class B Entry for Students: Requires ground and flight training specific to that area and a logbook endorsement dated within the preceding $90\,days$. (14 CFR § 61.95(a)).

• Class B Requirements: Must have a transponder with Mode C and ADS-B Out within the airspace and the $30\,NM$ "Mode C Veil." Entry requires the specific phrase: "Cleared to enter Class B airspace."

• Class C Dimensions: $5\,NM$ core (surface to $4,000\,feet$ AGL) and a $10\,NM$ shelf ($1,200$ to $4,000\,feet$ AGL). Entry requires two-way radio communication (controller using aircraft callsign). Radar service in the $20\,NM$ outer area is encouraged but not mandatory.

• Class E and D Weather: Class E surface area is shown by a dashed magenta line. Class D minimums are $3\,statute\,miles$ visibility with cloud clearance of $500\,feet$ below, $1,000\,feet$ above, and $2,000\,feet$ horizontal. Student pilots are prohibited from requesting Special VFR (SVFR) clearances.

• KHEG Runways

  • RWY 07/25 – 4001 × 100 ft

  • RWY 11/29 – 3500 × 100 ft

• Bugünkü rüzgâra göre en uygun pist

  • Wind 150° @ 5 kt

  • Best runway: RWY 11

• AWOS

  • 119.275

• CTAF/UNICOM

  • 123.000

• GCO

  • 121.725

• Jacksonville Approach / Departure

  • 127.775

• Flight Service

  • 122.2 ve 122.3

• Traffic Pattern bilgisi

• KHEG adı (Herlong Recreational Airport)