pusch final

Motivation: Need or desire energizing and directing behavior.
Instinct: Rigid, unlearned behavior patterned across a species.
Drive-reduction theory: Physiological needs create arousal, motivating actions to restore homeostasis (e.g., eating).
Arousal Theory: People seek optimal arousal levels in behaviors.
Incentive Theory: Motivation driven by external rewards/avoiding punishment.
Self-determination Theory: Three basic needs: Competence, Autonomy, Relatedness.
Intrinsic Motivation: Performing activities for their own sake.
Extrinsic Motivation: Performing activities for rewards or to avoid punishment.
Ghrelin: Hunger-arousing hormone; Leptin: Appetite suppressing hormone.
Display Rules: Cultural guidelines for expressing emotions.
Elicitors: Stimuli triggering specific emotions.
Distress & Eustress: Distress impairs focus; Eustress enhances motivation and performance.

Learning: Acquiring new information/behaviors through experience.
Habituation: Reduced responsiveness to repeated stimuli.
Associative Learning: Linking events together, includes: - Classical Conditioning: Linking stimuli to trigger involuntary responses (UCS, UCR, CS, CR). - Behavioral Perspective: Behavior learned via experiences, rewards, punishments.
Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery: Diminishing of CR after US removal; reappearance of CR after a break.
Discrimination vs. Generalization: Distinguishing between CS and similar stimuli versus eliciting similar responses to them.

Social Psychology: Studies thoughts, influences, and relationships among people.
Fundamental Attribution Error: Overemphasizing personal disposition over situational factors.
Discrimination, Stereotypes, Prejudice: Actions based on biases against groups.
In-group Bias: Preference for one’s own group.
Conformity & Obedience: Adjusting behaviors to fit in or comply with authority.
Group Dynamics: Social loafing, group polarization, groupthink.
Altruism & Bystander Effect: Helping others can be less likely in groups due to diffusion of responsibility.

Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious strategies to protect from anxiety (e.g., denial, projection, displacement).
Self-Actualization: Drive to fulfill potential; focus on personal growth.
Self-Efficacy & Self-Esteem: Belief in abilities and overall self-worth.
Trait Dimensions: Five traits from high to low: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion.

Psychological Disorders: Disturbances causing distress, impairing daily life.
DSM Classification: Guide for recognized disorders and statistics.
Bipolar Disorders: Alternation between depression and mania.
Anxiety Disorders: Excessive worry, phobias, OCD.
Dissociative Disorders: Disconnection of awareness from memories or feelings.

Psychotherapy: Interaction between therapist and client for support.
Psychotropic Medication: Affects brain to treat mental conditions.
Cognitive Therapies: Focus on changing negative thought patterns.
Behavioral Therapies: Exposure, aversion conditioning.
Ethical Principles: Respect, do no harm, maintain confidentiality.
Medications: Antipsychotics, anti-anxiety medications, lithium for bipolar disorder, ECT for severe depression, psychosurgery as a drastic option.