محاضرة واحد نبات ٢

The dried leaves, with or without the flowering tops of Datura stramonium from the Family Solanaceae.
Sources: Indigenous to Europe, Asia, America, and South Africa.

Central Nervous System (CNS) and respiratory stimulant; high doses can cause restlessness and hallucinations.
Antispasmodic properties.
Atropine and hyoscyamine are employed in ophthalmology as mydriatics to dilate pupils.
Reduces salivary secretions, serving as a pre-operative drug and pre-anesthetic agent.
Lowers gastric secretions and motility, aiding in the treatment of peptic and duodenal ulcers.
Hyoscyamine possesses CNS depressant and sedative effects, primarily used as an antiemetic for motion sickness.

Contains 0.26 to 0.45% of total tropane alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine and hyoscine; atropine may originate from the racemization of hyoscyamine.
Utilized primarily for the anticholinergic effects of tropane alkaloids, particularly atropine.

Leaf structure is dorsiventral with a single row of palisade cells on the upper side.
Stomata are anisocytic, and the hairs can be non-glandular uniseriate multicellular or glandular with a multicellular head.
The mesophyll has a layer of palisade cells and contains clusters of calcium oxalate crystals which are absent near the vein-associated cells.

The leaf is simple and ovate.
Phyllotaxis: alternate.
Petiole: petiolate, short, and cylindrical, with a groove on the upper side.
Lamina: Ovate or triangular ovate.
Base: asymmetric.
Margin: irregularly serrate with unequally dentate lobes.
Venation: veins angle 45 degrees from the midrib to the tooth edges.
Apex: acuminate.
Surface: dark green on top, lighter beneath, hairy when young, nearly glabrous when older.
Midrib: pronounced on both upper and lower surfaces.

Annual plants with white flowers.
Leaf collection occurs by removing the upper flowering stems at the end of August, dried at approximately 45°C.
Macroscopically, dried leaves appear grayish-green, with a disagreeable odour and an unpleasant bitter taste.

Contains epidermal cells with anisocytic stomata, crystal layers, solanaceous glandular hairs, non-glandular multicellular uniseriate hairs (3-7 cells), and clusters of calcium oxalate crystals.

General Test for Alkaloids: Shake stramonium powder with dilute HCl, filter, and add Mayer's reagent; a white or yellowish-white precipitate indicates presence.
Specific Test for Tropane Alkaloids (Vitali's Test): Evaporate alkaloids with fuming nitric acid, then treat with KOH; bright purple develops and fades.

Spongy tissues show calcium oxalate crystals in prisms and twins, with few clusters.
The vascular bundle of the midrib features a starchy endodermis forming a starch sheath.
Other active constituents include 0.7 to 1.5% total tropane alkaloids primarily hyoscyamine, used similarly to the stramonium leaf.

Dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus muticus, also in the Family Solanaceae.
Sources: Indigenous to Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and cultivated in England, Germany, Russia, Hungary, and the Balkans.

Leaf is dorsiventral with a singular row of palisade cells on the upper epidermis.
Stomata are anisocytic and present on both sides.
Predominantly glandular hairs on the leaf, either short or long, with various cellular structures.
Single layer of palisade in mesophyll with idioblasts containing calcium oxalate crystals.

Simple leaf shape is ovate to broadly ovate.
Dried leaves appear dull yellowish-green with slight odour and somewhat bitter taste.
Phyllotaxis again is alternate, with an acute or acuminate apex and pronounced midrib, smooth surface and glabrous texture.

A perennial herb, optimal leaf potency occurs in sunny conditions around the end of June or July.
Leaves should be dried immediately after harvest and stored carefully.

Dried leaves, with or without flowering tops of Atropa belladona, Family Solanaceae.
Sources: Found in England, Canada, USA, and India.

Contains 0.7 to 1.5% total tropane alkaloids, primarily hyoscyamine, with usage similar to Egyptian Henbane.

The leaf is dorsiventral with wavy epidermal cells, smooth cuticles, and anisocytic stomata.
Abundant glandular hairs consist of uniseriate and multicellular stalks.
The mesophyll is structured similarly, with palisade layers and calcium oxalate crystals.

Dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger, Family Solanaceae.
Sources: Found in Europe, extending to India and present in Germany, Hungary, and Russia.

Includes epidermal cells with anisocytic stomata, branched glandular hairs, twin calcium oxalate prisms, and solanaceous glandular hairs.

Contains 0.15 to 0.6% of total tropane alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine, plus trace amounts of hyoscine, and little or no atropine; also contains volatile bases such as pyridine and N-methylpyrroline.