questions

T or F   Erectile tissue in the nasal concha has a venous plexus that rhythmically engorges with blood and shifts flow of air from one side of fossa to the other once or twice an hour to prevent drying.

 

____2. T or F    Infants actually have their larynx lower in the throat, allowing them to both breath and swallow at the same time.

 

____3. T or F   Both external intercostals and abdominal muscles contract when we forcefully exhale air.

 

____4. T or F   The trachea is lined with both mucous-secreting goblet cells and ciliated epithelium, which together form the mucociliary escalator to move particulates upward and away from the lungs.

 

____5. T or F   During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals contract, leading to increased intrathoracic volume, decreased intrathoracic pressure, lungs then expand, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure, and causing air from outside to get pulled in.

 

____6. Which is NOT true of pleural compartment functioning?

  1. reduces friction between lungs and ribs

  2. helps combat lung infection

  3. creates pressure gradients for breathing

  4. keeps each lung compartmentalized from each other

 

____7. Which is true?

  1. At rest, intrapleural pressure is slightly lower than intrapulmonary pressure

  2. At rest, intrapleural pressure is the same as intrapulmonary pressure

  3. At rest, intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure

  4. At rest, what rest?  I’m tired and wished I was resting right now! (Warning.  Do not answer “D”, even if true!!)

 

____8. During forced expiration, which is NOT true?

  1. Elastin fibers in lungs assists in exhalation

  2. Elastin fibers in muscles helps in exhalation

  3. Internal intercostals assist in pulling ribs together and reducing chest volume

  4. Abdominal muscles push up on thoracic cavity and reduce chest volume

  5. All of these are true.

 

____9. Which of these does not lead to bronchoconstriction?

            a. cold air        b. histamine    c. sympathetic stimulation     d. airborne irritants

 

 

____10. Which type of cell is NOT found in the alveoli?

            a. macrophages           b. red blood cells        c. surfactant-secreting cells

            d. respiratory epithelium        e. all are found in alveoli

 

____11. What happens to air as it is moved from the outside to the alveoli?

            a. it is warmed            b. it is moistened        c. it is filtered d. all are true

 

____12. What is the role of surfactant in an alveolus?

  1. reduces hydrogen bonding and thus keeps alveoli inflated

  2. reduces chloride bonds and thus keeps alveoli inflated

  3. reduces hydrogen bonds and thus reverses bronchoconstriction

  4. reduces chloride bonds and thus reverses bronchoconstriction

 

____13. Which is NOT true?

  1. the pons contains apneustic center

  2. the medulla oblongata contains the pneumotaxic center

  3. the medulla oblongata contains inspiratory center

  4. the medulla oblongata contains the expiratory center

 

____14. Which leads to slower and deeper breathing?

            a. inspiratory center    b. expiratory center

            c. apneustic center      d. pnuemotaxic center

 

____15. Which is NOT a correct value for partial pressures of CO2 and O2?

  1. Inspired air has PO2 of 159 and PCo2 of .3.

  2. Alveolar air has PO2 of 104 and PCo2 of 40.

  3. Oxygenated blood has a PO2 of 95 and PCO2 of 40.

  4. Deoxygenated blood has a PO2 of 40 and PCO2 of 100.

 

____16. In regards to ventillation-perfusion coupling:

  1. A decrease in air flow to an alveolus will lead to decreased O2 in capillary, followed by reduced blood flow to that capillary.

  2. A decrease in air flow to an alveolus will lead to increased CO2 in capillary, which will lead to reduced blood flow to that capillary.

  3. An increase in blood flow will lead to increased CO2 to a alveolus, which will lead to bronchoconstriction to that alveolus.

 

____17. Which will lead to a left-ward shift of the hemoglobin dissociation curve?

            a. increased acid         b. increased CO2        c. cold             d. decreased pH

 

____18. At the alveolar capillary:

  1. O2 dissociates from hemoglobin due to its high affinity

  2. O2 dissociates from hemoglobin due to H+ ions being released

  3. O2 associates with hemoglobin due to its high affinity

  4. O2 associates with hemoglobin due to diaphragm contraction

 

____19. At the systemic capillary, as a tissue is more active:

  1. more CO2 is produced, reducing the pH and causing O2 dissociation

  2. more CO2 is produced, raising the pH and causing O2 dissociation

  3. less CO2 is produced, reducing the pH and causing O2 dissociation

  4. less CO2 is produced, raising the pH and causing O2 dissociation

 

____20. Which is the most powerful stimulus for respiration?

            a. pH of alveolus        b. pH of cerebral spinal fluid

            c. CO2 concentration in aortic body   d. O2 concentration in carotid body

 

 

Matching:

 

____21. Pneumonia                                                    a. insufficient surfactant

 

____22. Epistaxis                                                       b. lung collapse

 

____23. Valsalva maneuver                                       c. increased interstitial fluid between capillary and alveolus

 

____24. Atelectasis                                                    d. increased abdominal pressure

 

____25. Resp. distress syndrome of newborn            e. nosebleed

 

 

 

____26.  The plurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs because:

  1. they contain cilia that protect lungs.

  2. They control lung volume

  3. They maintain the proper lung temperature.

  4. They secrete a solution that allows the lungs to freely glide over the wall of the thorax.

 

____27. Intrapulmonary pressure is:

  1. Pressure within the pleural cavity.

  2. Pressure within the alveoli

  3. Negative pressure in the intrapleural space

  4. Difference between atmospheric and respiratory pressure

 

____28. CO2 levels in the blood increase when:

  1. One breaths faster             b. one breaths deeper              c. one stops breathing

 

____29. As plasma CO2 levels increase, pH in the plasma will:

  1. Stay the same        b. go up           c. go down

 

 

____30. How is CO2 mostly transported in the blood?

  1. On hemoglobin     b. as a dissolved gas   c. as carbonic acid

 

____1. Which of these antibodies are the major type that circulates in plasma?

            a. IgG  b. IgM             c. IgA              d. IgD  e. IgE

 

____2. Which of these is found in saliva, breast milk, and the mucosa of the gut?

            a. IgG  b. IgM             c. IgA              d. IgD  e. IgE

 

____3. Which is true of MHC proteins?

  1. MHC-1 found only on B and dendritic cells

  2. MHC-2 displays exogenous antigens

  3. MHC-1 binds to CD-4 cells

  4. MHC-2 has a CD-8 protein

 

____4. During T cell maturation, it must do which of the following?

  1. form T cell receptors for an antigen

  2. bind to an MHC-antigen complex on an APC

  3. not bind to self-antigens

  4. all are required for maturation

 

____5. When a B cell encounters an antigen, it divides rapidly.  This is called:

            a. cloning        b. clonal selection       c. clonal expansion     d. mitotic cloning

 

____6. How many different antigenic determinants does the body recognize?

            a. 10, 000        b. 1,000,000    c. 100, 000, 000          d. hundreds

 

____7. Which of these is NOT a function of an antibody stem region?

            a. Attachment to a B cell        b. Activation of complement

            c. Dimerization                       d. Lysing cells

 

____8. Which is true of allergies?

  1. symptoms due to interleukin release, leading to runny nose, etc

  2. IgE on mast cells binds allergen, leading to histamine release

  3. IgM on allergen causes cytokine release from mast cells

  4. None is correct

 

____9. Which is a primary lymphoid tissue?

            a. thymus   b. lymph node      c. spleen          d. chyli cisternae

 

 

 

____10. Which is the correct sequence in B cell activation?

  1. B cell encounters exogenous antigen

  2. B cell migrates to deep cortex of node

  3. B cell endocytoses antigen

  4. T helper binds B cell MHC-antigen

  5. B cell releases cytokines

a. 1-2-3-4-5-   b. 1-3-4-5-2    c. 1-3-2-4-5     d. 1-4-3-2-5

 

____11. Which is natural passive immunity?

            a. vaccination b. self exposure to antigen      c. breast feeding         d. IgG given

 

____12. Which is a role of IL-1?

            a. activates lymphocytes        b. acts as a pyrogen   

c. causes T-Helpers to release IL-2    d. all are correct

 

____13. Which is a role of IL-2?

            a. acts as a pyrogen     b. leads to clonal expansion

            c. triggers apoptosis    d. all are correct

 

____14. Which is true?

  1. cells with CD-4 markers can become helper, regulatory, or memory T cells

  2. cells with CD-4 markers are less common than CD-8 cells

  3. cells with CD-4 proteins bind to class 1 MHC proteins

  4. all are correct

 

____15. Which is NOT true of cytotoxic T cells?

            a. Can destroy bacteria-infected cells b. can destroy cancer cells

            c. search for endogenous foreign antigens     d. all are true

 

____16. Which is NOT true?

  1. B cells present antigens to helper T cells to request further activation

  2. Macrophages present antigens to helper T cells to request further activation

  3. Dendritic cells present antigens to helper T cells to request further activation

  4. All are true

 

____17. T  or  F  Helper T cells can activate both B and Cytotoxic T cells.