Anatomy and Physiology in SLP- Speech Production Handout

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN SLP: SPEECH PRODUCTION

Page 1: Agenda

  • Assigned Readings

  • Assigned Videos

  • Lecture

  • Quiz

Page 2: Objectives

  • Learn about structures necessary for speech production

  • Understand how structures function for speech production

  • Introduction to cranial nerves

Assigned Reading or Videos:

  • Readings: None

  • Videos:

    • Basic Pediatric Airway Anatomy

    • Introduction to the Cranial Nerves: Anatomy

Page 3: Definitions

  • Anatomy: The study of the structure of the body.

  • Physiology: The study of the function of the body structures.

  • Systems Necessary for Speech Production:

    • Respiratory

    • Laryngeal

    • Articulatory/Resonating

Respiratory System

  • Supplies oxygen to the body.

  • Removes carbon dioxide from the body.

  • Important for speech production as it creates air pressure under vocal folds.

Page 4: Structures of the Respiratory System

  • Lungs

  • Trachea

  • Rib Cage

  • Abdominal Wall

Page 5: Resting Tidal Breathing vs. Speech Breathing

  • Resting Tidal Breathing:

    • Quiet breathing to sustain life.

    • Expiration begins when inspiration ends.

    • Inhalation to exhalation ratio: 1:1.

    • Duration of inspiration and expiration is equal.

  • Speech Breathing:

    • Inspiration shorter than expiration.

    • Muscles contract during inspiration and expiration to prevent rapid air release.

Lifespan Issues of Respiratory System

  • Birth: 30-80 bpm

  • 3 years: 20-30 bpm

  • 10 years and older: 17-22 bpm

Page 6: Laryngeal System

  • Prevents objects from entering the lungs and trachea.

Structures of Laryngeal System

  • Larynx: Generates sound for speech, houses vocal folds.

  • Functions:

    • Abduction: Respiration

    • Adduction: Voice production and phonation

  • Pharynx: Throat

Page 7: Structures of Laryngeal System Continued

  • Hyoid Bone

  • Cartilages:

    • Thyroid

    • Arytenoid

    • Cricoid

    • Glottis

  • Muscles:

    • Thyroarytenoid

    • Cricothyroid

  • Agonist-antagonist muscles

Lifespan of Larynx

  • Newborn: Small larynx located high in the neck.

  • 12 months: Larynx begins to move down.

  • 10-20 years: Final position of larynx.

Page 8: Lifespan of Vocal Folds

  • Puberty: 12-25 mm long

  • Adulthood: 21-29 mm long

  • Advancing Age: Vocal folds become stiff and less flexible.

Articulatory/Resonating System

  • Shapes sounds for speech.

  • Cavities:

    • Oral

    • Nasal

    • Pharyngeal

  • Components:

    • Teeth

    • Tongue

    • Velum

    • Hard palate

    • Lips

    • Alveolar ridge

    • Nose

Page 9: Speech Production Process

  • Closing the glottis to end the cycle initiates the next cycle.

Cranial Nerves

  • Overview of cranial nerves and their functions:

    • I Olfactory nerve: Sensory (smell)

    • II Optic nerve: Sensory (vision)

    • III Oculomotor nerve: Motor (eye movements)

    • IV Trochlear nerve: Motor (eye movements)

    • V Trigeminal nerve: Sensory and motor (facial sensation, mastication)

    • VI Abducens nerve: Motor (eye movements)

    • VII Facial nerve: Sensory and motor (facial expressions, taste)

    • VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve: Sensory (hearing, balance)

    • IX Glossopharyngeal nerve: Sensory and motor (taste, sensation from the posterior tongue)

    • X Vagus nerve: Sensory and motor (autonomic functions, swallowing, sensation from larynx)

    • XI Spinal accessory nerve: Motor (shoulder, neck muscles)

    • XII Hypoglossal nerve: Motor (movements of tongue)

Page 10: Review and References

  • Review:

    • Lecture

    • Assigned readings

    • Assigned videos

    • Anatomy and Physiology in SLP Quiz

References

  • Owens, R. E., Jr., Metz, D. E., & Farinella, K. A. (2019). Introduction to Communication Disorders: A Lifespan Evidence based Perspective (6th Edition). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.