Water and Minerals 1 Modified final

Water and Minerals

Page 3:

  • Functions of water:

    • Occupies essentially every space within and# Water and between body cells Minerals

  • Page 3 Involved in:

  • Functions virtually every bod of water:

    • Occupy function ies essentially every - Largest single space within and constituent of the between body cells human body,

    • averaging 60 Involved in% of total virtually every body body weight

    • Provides shape and structure to cells

    • Reg function ulates body temperat - Largest singleure

    • Aids in constituent of the the digestion and human body, averaging 60 absorption of nutrients% of total

Page body weight

4:

  • Provides- shape and structure Functions of water (cont to cells

  • Reg’d): ulates body temperatu - Transports nutrients and oxygere

  • Aids inn to cells the digestion and - S absorption of nutrientserves as a

Page solvent for vitamins 4:

, minerals,- Functions of glucose, and water (cont’d): amino acids

  • Transports - Particip nutrients and oxygen to cells ates in metabolic - S reactions erves as a solvent for vitamins, minerals, - Eliminates waste products

  • glucose, and Is a major amino acids component of m - Participucus and otherates in metabolic lubricating fluids reactions

  • Eliminates waste products

Page 5:

-- Water bala Is a majornce:

  • component of m Sensation of thirst and theucus and other action of the lubricating fluids hormone vasopressin control

Page our daily fluid 5:

  • Water balance:

    • balance Sensation of - Water outp thirst and theut:

      • action of the hormone vasop Adults lose approximatelyressin control 1, our daily fluid750 to balance

    • Water output: -3,000 Adults lose approximately mL 1, of water daily 750 to - Insensible water3,000 mL of water daily losses

- Insensible Page 6 water losses

:

  • Water balance (cont’d) -## Page 6:

  • Water output ( Water balance (cont’d): cont’d)

    • Sens-ible water losses Water output (cont’d

  • Water):

    • intake: Sensible water - Drinking water losses

  • Water intake:

      • Drinking Other beverages water

    • Solid foods

- Other beverages

  • Page 7 Solid foods

:

  • Water## Page 7:

  • recommendations: Water recommendations:

  • Body cannot - Body produce as much cannot produce a water as its much water as needs it needs

  • For men - For ages 19 men ages 19 to over to over 70, the 70, adequate intake ( the adequate intakeAI) is (AI) is 3 3.7 L/day.7 L/day

    • For women of the same age, the AI is 2.7 L/day

  • Daily For women of the same age, the AI is 2.7 L/day

  • Daily int intakes below the AI mayakes below the AI may not not be harmful to healthy people be harmful to

Page healthy people

9:

  • Fluid intake## Page is assumed to be adequate when9:

  • the color of Fluid intake is urine produced is assumed to be pale yellow adequate when - Elderlythe color of urine and children: produced is pale yellow

    • Drinking fluids should not Elderly and children: be delayed until - Drinking fluids the sensation of thirst occurs

Page should not be delayed until the10:

  • Water sensation of thirst recommendations (cont’d): occurs

- Increases Page 10 in water loss:

-:

  • Water Vomiting, diarrhea, and fever

    • Thermal recommendations (cont injuries, fist’d):

    • Increases in water loss: ulas, un controlled diabetes, hemorrhage, and certain renal - Vomiting, diarrhea, and fever

      • Thermal injuries disorders , fistulas - Use of, uncontrolled drainage tubes contributes to increased water diabetes, hemorrh losses age, and - Intake certain renal disorde and output records are used tors

      • assess adequacy Use of drainage of intake

tubes contributes to increased water losses -## Page 11:

  • Alterations in Intake and intake: output records a - Dehydration is characterized byre used to assess:

    • Impaired mental adequacy of function intake - Impaired

Page 11 motor control

:

  • Alter - ations in intakeIncreased body temperature during exerci: -se

    • Dehydration is Increased resting heart characterized by: rate when standing or lying down - Impaired mental (60 to 100 bpm function -)

    • Impaired mot Increased risk ofor control life-threatening heat - Increased body stroke

temperature during exerci Page 12:

  • Alterse -ations Increased resting heart in intake (cont’d rate when standing):

  • Hyponatrem or lying downia:

    • Patients at (60 to 100 bpm)

      • risk include infants; psychiatric patients Increased risk of with excessive thirst life-threatening heat; women who stroke

have undergone surgery Page 12 using a uterine dist:

  • Alterations in intakeention medium; and athletes in (cont’d):

  • Hy endurance events who drink too muchponatrem water or failia: to replace lost - Patients at sodium, or risk include infants both

##; psychiatric patients Page 13:

  • Hy with excessive thirstponatrem; women whoia (cont have undergone surge’d): ry using a ut - Symptoms: erine dist - Lung congestion, muscleention medium; weakness, leth and athletes inargy, endurance events who and confusion drink too much - Can water or fail progress to conv to replace lostulsions, prolonged coma, sodium, or both

and death

Page 13## Page :

  • Hy14:

  • Major minerals are present in the body in amountsponatremia (cont’d): greater than 5 g

  • Symptoms:

  • Calcium, - Lung phosphorus, congestion, muscle magnesium, sulfur, sodium, weakness, leth potassium, andargy, chloride are major and confusion minerals

  • Iron, iodine, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese - Can progress to convulsions, prolonged coma,, fluoride, and death

chromium, and molybdenum are classified as trace minerals or trace elements -## Page Both groups are14:

  • essential for li Major minerals arefe

Page present in the 15:

  • General chemistry body in amounts greater than :

    • Minerals are in5 g

  • Calcium,organic elements tha phosphorus,t originate from the magnesium, sulfur earth’s crust, sodium,, not from potassium, and chloride are major plants or animals

    • minerals

  • Minerals do not Iron, iod undergo digestion,ine, zinc nor are they broken down or, selenium, rearranged during copper, manganese metabolism , fluoride, - Minerals are chromium, and not destroyed by molyb light, air, heat,denum are classified as trace or acids during minerals or trace food preparation

elements -## Page Both groups are16:

  • essential for life General functions:

    • Minerals function to provide

Page 15:

structure to b- General chemistryody tissues and to:

  • regulate body proces Minerals are ises

  • Mineral balance: norganic elements t - Maintained by: hat originate from the - Releasing earth’s crust minerals from storage, not from for redistribution

    • Altering rate of plants or animals absorption

      • Altering Minerals do not undergo rate of excretion

digestion, nor are they broken down or Page 17:

  • Mineral rearranged during toxicities: metabolism

    • Stored - Minerals are not destroyed by minerals can produce light, air toxicity symptoms , heat, - Toxicity related to or acids during food preparation

excessive use of mineral supplements,## Page environmental or industrial16:

  • exposure, human General functions errors in commercial: food processing, - Minerals function to provide or alterations in metabolism

  • structure to b Mineral interactions: ody tissues and to regulate body proces - Mineral status must beses viewed as a- Mineral balance: function of the - Maintained total diet

by:

Page 18:

    • Releasing Sources of minerals minerals from storage for redistribution :

      • Alter Unrefined or unprocesseing rate ofd foods have more minerals than refine absorption d foods

    • Altering Major electrolytes rate of excretion

##:

  • Sodium: Page 17 - Salt (:sodium

  • Mineral toxicities:

    • Stored chloride) is approximately 40% minerals can produce sodium toxicity symptoms

  • Wide variations - Toxic in sodium intakeity related to exist between cultures excessive use and between individuals within a cultureof mineral supplements, environmental or industrial exposure, human

Page 19:

errors in commercial food processin- Mag, or alterations injor electrolytes (cont’d): metabolism

  • Mineral interactions:

  • Sodium Functions (cont. - Mineral status must be):

    • viewed as a Major extracellular function of the cation

    • L total diet

argely responsible## Page for regulating fluid balance 18:

  • Sources of - Almost minerals: -98% of all sodium consumed Unrefined is absorbed or unprocesse - Aded foods have morequate intake for minerals than refined sodium is set foods

  • Major electrolytes:

    • Sodium: at 1,500 mg - Salt (/day

      • 100% of adult men andsodium women exceed the chloride) is a AI of pproximately 40%1,500 mg of sodium sodium /day

- Wide variations Page 20 in sodium inta:

  • Potke exist between cultureassium: s and between individua - Major cls within a cultureation of the intracellular fluid

Page 19:

  • When potassium excretion is impaired- Major electrolytes (cont, such as’d): secondary to - Sodium diabetes, chronic renal insufficiency Functions (cont., end-stage):

    • renal disease, Major extracellular severe heart failure, and adrenal ins cation

    • Largely responsible for regulatufficiency, highing fluid balance

    • Almost potassium intakes can lead to hyper98% ofkalemia and all sodium consum life-threatening cardiac arrhythmed is absorbed ias

  • Chloride:

    • Major - Adequate intake for anion in sodium is s the extracellular fluid

    • AI foret at 1,500 mg/day

      • 100% of adult younger adults is 2.3 g/day men and women exceed the AI of 1

Page 21:

  • Calcium: ,500 mg - Most of sodium/day plentiful mineral in

Page the body

20:

  • Calcium- Potassium balance in the blood is achieved:

  • through the action Major cation of vitamin D of the intr and hormones acellular fluid -

  • When potassium3 daily servings of milk, yogurt, or cheese plus nond excretion is impaired, such as secondaryairy sources of to diabetes, chronic renal ins calcium are neededufficiency, to ensure an adequate calc end-stage renalium intake

  • disease, severe An heart failure, adequate calcium intake throughout the first 3 and a decades of life is needed todrenal ins attain peak boneufficiency, high potassium mass as determinedintakes can lead by genetics

to hyperk## Page 22: -alemia and Phosphorus life-threatening cardiac:

  • arrhythmias

  • Chlor After calcium,ide: the most abundant - Major mineral in theanion in the body is phosph extracellular florus uid

    • AI for younger adults is - About 2.360% of natural p g/day

hosphorus from food sources## Page is absorbed

  • Dietary21:

  • deficiencies of phosph Calcium:

    • Most plentifulorus do not mineral in the occur

  • Magnesium: body

    • Calcium balan - ce in the blood is achieved through4th most the action abundant mineral in the body of vitamin D and - Mean hormones magnesium intake amon - 3g adults is daily servings of approximately 80% milk, yogurt of the food, or cheese consumed

plus nondairy Page 24 sources of calcium:

  • S are needed toulfur: ensure an - Does adequate calcium intake not function independently - An as a nutrient but is a component of bi adequate calcium intake throughout the fiotin, thiaminrst 3 decades of life is needed to att, and the amino acids methain peak bone massionine and as determined by cysteine genetics

Page Page 22 25:

:

  • Phosphorus:

  • Water:

    • Recommen - After calcium, theded that thirst be most abundant mineral the guide to in consuming adequate fluid; specific amountsthe body is phosphorus or types of

    • beverages to satisfy About 60 fluid need a% of naturalre not suggested phosphorus from - For food sources healthy people,is absorbed hydration is unconsciously maintained with ad libit - Dietary deficiencies ofum access to water

  • phosphorus do not occur

  • Magn Sodium and potassium: -esium: Recommendations:

    • 4 - Less sodiumth most abundant mineral in the