Ch. 1 Review List

  1. The scientific method starts by observing a problem, forming a question, developing a hypothesis that can answer the question and can be testable, conduct an experiment to test hypothesis to either prove or disprove and lastly, evaluate results generated and repeat.

   Hypothesis is a testable idea or explanation to a problem or question

   Theory is a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle offered to explain phenomena

   Control group is the stagnant or placebo group that does not receive the treatment

   Experimental group is where the actual substance is being tested or measured to work or answer the hypothesis

  1. Anatomy is the study focused on the form or structure of living organisms

   Microscopic subfield focuses on cytology (cellular anatomy) and histology (body tissues) inside cells

   Macroscopic subfield focuses on systemic, regional, surface, comparative, and embryology

   Physiology is the study of function or behavior of systems

  1. Metabolism is the chemistry happening inside the body

   Anabolism is when small molecules are joined to form larger molecules

   Catabolism is when large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

   Growth is in reference to when organisms increase in size

   Development is when organisms increase in specialization in forms and functions

   Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism

   Tissues are groups of similar types of cells performing a common function for the body

   Organ is composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body

   Organ system is a group of organs working together to coordinate and perform specific functions

  1. Anatomical position is standing in a straight form with the palms facing forward

   Coronal is a vertical plane that divides the structure into anterior and posterior parts

   Midsagittal is also known as median plane is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves

   Transverse is also known as a horizontal plane divides the structure into superior and inferior parts

   Oblique planes are when they pass through a structure at an angle

   Superior is used to reference where one body part/section is located above or higher than another

   Inferior is used to reference where one body part/section is located below or lower than another

   Anterior references to the front

   Posterior references to the back

   Medial is toward the mid-line of the body ie. lungs are medial to the shoulders

   Lateral is away from the mid-line of the body ie. the arms are lateral to the heart

   Proximal is closer to the point of attachment to trunk

   Distal is farther away from the point of attachment to the trunk

  1. Serous membrane is a smooth tissue membrane lining the contents and inner walls of body cavities which secrete fluid to allow lubricated sliding movements between surfaces

   Parietal is a layer of the serous membrane that lines the internal surface of the body wall

   Visceral is a layer of the serous membrane that covers the external surface of the organs

  1. Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment in response to changing conditions

   The three components that make up homeostasis are receptor, control center, and effector

   Receptor is the structure that detects the stimulus that is made of sensory neurons

   Control center is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and then initiates change through the effector

   Effector is the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus

   Negative feedback happens during homeostasis when the resulting action will always be in the opposite direction of the stimulus and fluctuates over time to go back to the set point

   Positive feedback happens during homeostasis when a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs and then the body returns to homeostasis