Biodiversity

Characteristics of life: be composed of unicellular or multicellular cells, contains either DNA or RNA as their genetic material, be capable of growth, be capable of reproduction, demonstrates the ability to respond to outside stimuli, as a population be able to adapt to the environment and evolve

Reproduction can be sexual with two parents producing genetically unique offspring together or asexual where one parent produces genetically identical offspring

Stimulus is a change in an organisms environment. Response is how an organism reacts to a change in its environment

Taxonomy: is a field of biology that classifies organisms where organisms are organized by similar characteristics. All life is divided into three domains: eubacteria (prokaryotes true bacterial pathogens) archaebacteria (prokaryotes in extreme environments) and eukarya (eukaryotes).

Carolus Linnaeus is the father of taxonomy and came up with binomial nomenclature which is the two name system, genus ten species which is always an italic with the genus, capitalized and species in lowercase

Biodiversity is the variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystem

Domian bacteria are prokaryotic with very, very small cells, they reproduce asexually through binary fission, they move using flagella, ella and cilia, their food source is heterotrophic, and autotrophic, they can cause disease diseases, but are also used in medicine and food reproduction and their kingdom is eubacteria

Domain Archaea are prokaryotic with very, very small cells, they reproduce asexually through binary fission, they move using flagella and cilia, food source is heterotrophic and autotrophic, very similar to bacteria, extremophiles so they are found in extreme places, kingdom archaebacteria

Domain Eukarya are eukaryotic, they reproduce both sexually and asexually, moves through sessile and motile, food source is heterotrphic an autotrophic, protists plantar fungi are examples

Kingdom Protista are eukaryotic, reproducing, sexually, and asexually, moves with sessile and motile, food is heterotrophic and autotrophic, algae is an example, characterized by extreme biodiversity with single and multicellular organisms and major size variations, they do not fit to any other domain groups

Kingdom, fungi are eukaryotic, they reproduce sexually using spores, moves with stessile, food is heterotrophic mainly decomposers, mushrooms are an example, cell walls are made of chitin, important for medicines and food

Kingdom plantae are eukaryotic, reproduce sexually, and asexually, moves with sessile, food is autotrophic mostly photosynthetic, cell walls are made of chitin, cell walls have chloroplast

Kingdom animalia are eukaryotic, reproduce, sexually, movement with sessile and motie, food source is heterotrophic, examples are birds and reptiles, no cell wall, vertebrae versus and in vertebrae, endotherm vs evotherm, animals have three types of symmetry: asymmetry, bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry

Organ systems: organisms are made up of organ systems, which are made up of organs which are made up of cell cells. Dynamic equilibrium is maintained from the system level all the way down to the cellular level. Nothing works in isolation. Even the organ systems will work together.

Nervous system: main functions are to collect process in response to sensory information control, voluntarily and involuntary actions. Key structures are the brain spinal cord and all connected. Nerves and sensory organs. Key cells are called neurons.

Circulatory system: main function is gas exchange and nutrient transport to and from cells through throughout the body. Key structures include heart blood vessels and blood.

Digestive system: : breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients. Key structures are the mouth, stomach and intestines.

Respiratory system: main function is gas exchange, taking in oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide. Key structures, are lungs nose and mouth and trachea.

Excretory system: main function is to maintain water balance get rid of waste like sweat and urine and filter blood. Key structures are kidneys, bladder, lungs, and skin.

Integumentary system: main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world, regulate temperature and control water loss. Key structures are skin, hair, nails, and associated glands.

Muscular system: main function is movement and stabilization. Key structures are the skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.

Skeletal system: main function is to support and protect internal organs and Aidan movement. Key structures are bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.

Endocrine system: main function is the production of hormones for regulation of the body. Key structures are hypothalamus and glands.

Reproductive system: main function is to allow animals to reproduce with egg and sperm hormones and nurturing developing offspring. Key male structures are the testes and penis. Key female structures are the vagina, uterus, ovaries. Reproduces asexually using budding. Oviparous eggs hatch after laid. Ovoviviparous eggs hatch within body of parent. Viviparous no egg, develop inside parent. Placental is embryo grows on a placenta inside the mother. Marsupial embryo is born at a very small size and finishes growing in pouch. Monotreme lays eggs.

Immune system: main function is to defend deflect and destroy infection that make their way into the body. Key structures are the lymph nodes, blood vessels, bone marrow and spleen.

Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a species. 3.5 billion years ago was the first form of life , which was a prokaryote. 2.1 billion years ago was the first eukaryote that evolved through endosymbiosis witches, where one prokaryote ended up inside of another and both organisms thrived

Endosymbiotic theory: suggest that overtime co-evolution of the two prokaryotes occurred and eventually led to speciation and the first eukaryotes

All organisms share a common ancestor and phylogeny works to peace together, evolution, history of relatedness based on shared inherited characteristics

Maximum parismony uses the simplest explanation for creating the tree.

Organization of life: cladogram is a diagram that shows relatedness of organisms, but does not show ancestral relationships. dichotomous key is used for identifying organisms based on their characteristics

Homeostasis is the stability of the internal environment in the mechanisms that maintain the stability

Feedback mechanisms evolved to help maintain homeostasis in organisms

Input leads to system which leads to output and these loops use the output of a system to signal a change in input so that the system response can be stabilized or amplified, which can be positive or negative

In a Positive Feedback loop the output of a system intensifies the response which is called amplification

In a negative feedback loop the output of a system causes a counter response to return to a set point which is called stabilization

One a mistake happens in a feedback loop homeostasis is thrown off

All feedback loops have a receptor stimulus effector and response. A receptor is a sensory organ that receives the stimulus. A stimulus is an action that evokes a response. And a factor is an organ that does the response. A response is the effect caused by the stimulus.