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Communication

• Definition of Communication

  • Process by which information is exchanged and understood between two or more people.

  • Intent to motivate or influence behavior.

  • Acts of transferring information from one place to another and conveying intended meanings.

  • Involves sending and receiving messages through verbal and nonverbal means.

Filters, Barriers, and Noises to Communication

• Common barriers that can hinder effective communication:

  1. Preoccupation

  2. Emotional block

  3. Hostility

  4. Characteristics of the individuals involved

  5. Past experiences

  6. Social status

  7. Stereotyping

  8. Physical environment

  9. Mind-wandering

  10. Defensiveness

  11. Relationship dynamics

  12. Inarticulateness

Types of Communication

Verbal Communication

• Involves the use of sounds and language to communicate.

• Essential for expressing desires, ideas, and concepts, critical for learning and teaching.

Nonverbal Communication

• Nonlinguistic transmission of information through various channels.

• Includes visual cues, body language, physical environment, and voice tone.

Sources of Nonverbal Cues

1. Kinesics

   • Nonverbal behavior related to movement (body parts or whole body).

   • Involves:

     • Physical appearance

     • Posture

     • Gestures

     • Eye contact

     • Touching

     • Facial expressions

2. Proxemics

   • Introduced by anthropologist Edward T. Hall in 1963.

   • Describes measurable distances between individuals during interaction.

   • Four social distances:

     • Intimate Zone: Family, Lovers, Close Friends

     • Personal Zone: Friends and Acquaintances

     • Social Zone: Formal Business and Social Gatherings

     • Public Zone: Conferences, Conventions, Large Public Gatherings

3. Paralanguage

   • Nonverbal elements of communication that modify meaning and convey emotion.

   • Components of speech:

     1. Pitch - Highness or lowness of voice.

     2. Resonance - Richness or thinness of voice.

     3. Articulation - Enunciation of words.

     4. Tempo - Speed of speech.

     5. Volume - Loudness or softness of voice.

     6. Rhythm - Emphasis and cadence of speech.

Skills in Effective Communication

1. Active Listening

   • Most important component of effective communication.

   • Requires greater effort than speaking.

   • Enhances understanding of others, promotes maturity.

   • Key elements:

     • Facial impact (55%)

     • Vocal impact (38%)

     • Verbal impact (7%)

2. Speaking

   • Speaking effectively requires attentive listening.

3. Giving and Receiving Feedback

   • Essential for clear communication and improvement.

Components of Communication

1. Sender

   • Responsible for creating the message.

2. Receiver

   • Individual or group that receives the message.

3. Channel

   • Medium used to transmit the message.

4. Process of encoding

   • Sender expresses ideas into a message using language or symbols.

5. Process of decoding

   • Receiver interprets the sender's message.

6. Interference (or Noise)

   • Any disruption preventing message clarity (external, physiological, or psychological).

7. Feedback

   • Receiver's response to the message allowing the sender to evaluate the effectiveness of communication.

8. Environment

   • Context and background affecting communication (experience and cultural factors).

Communication Ethics

• Seven Levels of Communication

  1. Intrapersonal Communication

  2. Interpersonal Communication

  3. Small Group Communication

  4. Public Communication

  5. Organizational Communication

  6. Mass Communication

  7. Cross-Cultural Communication

• Ethical Principles

  • Truthfulness

  • Integrity

  • Fairness

  • Respect

  • Responsibility