Random Changes

^^Mutations:^^ changes in the sequence of an organisms DNA. The ultimate source of all variation and only source of new alleles. Is inheritable if in gamete.

Neutral mutation: has no immediate effect on the individual. “silent”

Harmful Mutation: inhertibale changes in DNA that impairs the operation of a gene or function.

Beneficial Mutation: Gives individual sleective advantaege → fuels reporductive success

^^Genetic Drift:^^ random process that leads to changes in gene frequencies over a short period of time.

Bottleneck Effect: dramatic, often temporary reduction in population size. Only a small sample of alleles survives to reestablish pop’n. These individuals do not represent the traits of the orginal population, so there is genetic drift.

Founder Effect: when a small portion of population move somewhere else and establish a new population. Variations of these traits will likely not be the same.

^^Allele Fixation:^^ when a gene’s frequenxy has reached 100% within the population.

^^Gene Flow:^^ Movement of alleles from one pop to another through mating or permanent migration. Reduces genetic differences and increases variations within a pop.

^^Hardy-Weinburg principle:^^ Allele frequencies in a pop’n will remain constant, therefore no evolution. This will never exist.