02a- Meiosis: Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis

Here’s the two-sided flashcard set where each pair can be used as:

Term: Genome
Definition: All the genetic material of an organism.
Term: Number of autosomes each parent donates
Definition: 22 autosomes.
Term: Number of sex chromosomes each parent donates
Definition: 1 sex chromosome (X or Y).
Term: Diploid (2n)
Definition: Genome with 2 complete sets of chromosomes (23 pairs).
Term: Haploid (n)
Definition: Genome with one complete set of chromosomes (23 total).
Term: Homologous chromosomes
Definition: Chromosome pairs that are the same size and contain the same genes (except X and Y).
Term: Sister chromatids
Definition: Two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere.

Term: Somatic cells
Definition: Regular body cells, diploid.
Term: Gametes
Definition: Reproductive cells (ova and sperm), haploid.
Term: Process that produces gametes
Definition: Meiosis.
Term: Centrioles
Definition: Organizing centers for spindle fibers during cell division.
Term: Spindle fibers
Definition: Protein filaments that move chromosomes during division.
Term: Centromere
Definition: Region linking sister chromatids and attaching spindle fibers.
Term: Gene
Definition: DNA segment coding for proteins or functional RNA.

Term: Purpose of mitosis
Definition: Make more somatic cells for growth.
Term: Outcome of mitosis
Definition: One 2n cell divides into two 2n cells.
Term: Phases of mitosis
Definition: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Term: Purpose of meiosis
Definition: Make genetically unique gametes for sexual reproduction.
Term: Outcome of meiosis
Definition: One 2n cell divides into four n cells.
Term: Phases of meiosis I
Definition: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I.
Term: Phases of meiosis II
Definition: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.
Term: What separates in meiosis I
Definition: Homologous chromosomes.
Term: What separates in meiosis II
Definition: Sister chromatids.

Term: Prophase I
Definition: Synapsis, tetrad formation, crossing over occurs.
Term: Tetrad
Definition: Two homologous chromosomes paired together.
Term: Crossing over
Definition: Exchange of genetic material between chromatids at chiasmata.
Term: Metaphase I
Definition: Tetrads align at metaphase plate; random assortment occurs.
Term: Anaphase I
Definition: Homologous chromosomes separate; sister chromatids stay attached.
Term: Telophase I & Cytokinesis
Definition: Two haploid cells form.
Term: Prophase II
Definition: Same as mitosis prophase.
Term: Metaphase II
Definition: Chromosomes align at metaphase plate.
Term: Anaphase II
Definition: Sister chromatids separate.
Term: Telophase II & Cytokinesis
Definition: Four unique haploid gametes form.