The Behaviourist Approach

Behaviourist (behavioural) approach: A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning.

Classical Conditioning: Learning by association. Occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together - an unconditioned stimulus and a new neutral stimulus. The neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that was first produced by the unconditioned stimulus alone.

Operant Conditioning: A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences. Possible consequences of behaviour include reinforcement (positive or negative) and punishment.

Reinforcement: A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated. Can be positive or negative.

Behaviourist Assumptions: Tried to maintain control and objectivity within research and relied on lab studies as the best way to achieve this. They believe that all behaviour is learned and describe a baby’s mind as a ‘blank slate’ which is written on by experience.

Well-Controlled Research: Based on well-controlled research. Behaviourists focused on the measurement of observable behaviour within highly controlled lab settings which decreases the chance of confounding variables and allows psychologists to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. However, this could simplify psychology down too much.

Real-World Application: Operant conditioning is the basis of token economy systems that have been used in psychiatric wards. Also classical conditioning has been applied to the treatment of phobias.

Environmental Determinism: Behaviourists see all behaviour as conditioned by past experiences and so there is no free will. This is an extreme position and ignores the influence of conscious decision making.