Untitled Flashcards Set

Terms:

3^rd Ventricle: Thin, vertical pocket of fluid inferior and medial to the lateral ventricles.

4^th Ventricle: Tiny, diamond-shaped space where the cerebellum attaches to the back of the brainstem (as light expansion of the central canal extending up from the spinal cord)

Absolute Refractory Period: Time during which the local area of the membrane has surpassed the threshold potential and will not respond to any stimulus.

Action Potential: nerve impulses; membrane potential fluctuation of an actively conducting axon.

Active Transport: Movement of a substance of a molecule that reacts with another molecule.

All-or-Nothing: principle that a process, once it begins, will occur at its maximums or not at all.

Arachnoid Mater: weblike; middle layer of the meninges.

Arachnoid Villi: finger like projections of the arachnoid mater into the brains venous sinuses, absorb blood

Arbor Vitae: Internal white matter of the cerebellum.

Ascending Tract: Spinal cord tract that conducts impulses up the cord to the brain.

Association Area: A region of the cerebral cortex that integrates information from different sensory modalities and is involved in higher-level cognitive functions such as memory, language and problem-solving

Astrocyte: Star shaped neuroglial cell

Autonomic Division: Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary bodily function such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

Axon: in a neuron, the single process that extends from the axon hillock and transmits impulses away from the cell body.

Axon Hillock: portion of the cell body from which the axon extends

Basal Nuclei: islands of gray matter deep inside the white matter of each hemisphere

Bipolar Neuron: neuron with only one dendrite and only one axon

Brainstem: part of brain containing the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Broca’s area: region of brain plays crucial role in speech production and language processing.

Brodmann’s areas: functional areas of the cerebral cortex based on the organizational pattern of the neurons in the different regions

Caudate Nucleus: One of the basal nuclei, gray matter areas of the inner region of the cerebrum of the brain.

Central Sulcus: Groove between frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum

Cerebellum: part of the human brain; plays an essential role in the production of typical movements

Cerebral Aqueduct: narrow channel within the brain that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.

Cerebrospinal fluid: plasma like fluid that fills the subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord and in the cerebral ventricles

Cerebrum: largest and uppermost part of the human brain that controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, and voluntary movements

Cholinesterase: is an essential enzyme in the nervous system that breaks down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, into its components: choline and acetate.

Choroid Plexus: tuft of capillaries in ventricles of the brain that secrete cerebrospinal fluid

CNS: Central Nervous System: the brain and spinal cord

Commissural Fibre: are bundles of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing communication between them.

Corpora Quadrigemina: midbrain landmark composed of inferior and superior colliculi

Corpus Callosum: nerve tissue connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres (aka. Commissural tract)

Dendrite: branching or tree like nerve cell process that receives input from other neurons and transmits toward the cell body.

Depolarization: electrical activity that triggers a contraction of the heart muscles

Descending Tract: bundle of axons in the spinal cord that conducts impulses down the cord from the brain

Diencephalon: ‘between’ brain; parts of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mesencephalon or midbrain

Diffusion: spreading; natural tendency of small particles to spread out evenly within any given space.

Dorsal Nerve Root: Posterior branch of the attachment of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord

Dorsal Root Ganglia: Small swelling in dorsal nerve root made up of cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons(gray matter) and satellite cells

Dura Mater: ‘strong mother’ or ‘tough mother’ or ‘tough stuff’; outermost layer of the meninges

Dural Sinuses: (or dural venous sinuses) are channels located within the dura mater, the tough outer layer of the meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord. These sinuses are crucial for draining blood from the brain and delivering it back to the heart

Ependymal Cell: Cell type that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

Epidural Space: in the brain, the space above the dura mater

Excitatory Postsynaptic potentials (EPSP): temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane after stimulation

Exocytosis: Process that allows large molecules o to leave the cell without actually passing through the plasma membrane

Frontal Lobe: a major subdivision of the cerebral cortex at the anterior

Gated Ion Channel: channel in the plasma membrane that can be opened and close to alter membrane permeability

Graded Potential: local potentials that vary according to strength of the stimulus and distance of membrane from source

Gyri: Singular of gyrus: ridges or folds on the brain (increase the brains surface area, which allows higher density of neurons and complex brain functions.

Gyrus: Convoluted ridge usually refers to rounded elevations of the brain surface, aka. convolution

Homunculus: visual representation of the body parts within the brain, broken down into motor homunculus and sensory homunculus.

Motor Homunculus: represents the primary motor cortex responsible for voluntary movements.

Sensory Homunculus: Depicts the primary somatosensory cortex, processes sensory information from various parts of the body

Hyperpolarization: Increase in the membrane potential of a cell, making the inside of the cell more negative compared to the outside. This occurs when the membrane potential becomes more negative than the cells resting potential.

Hypothalamus: important autonomic and neuroendocrine control center located inferior to the thalamus in the brain

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles: tract that enters the cerebellum from the medulla and cord

Insula: lobe of the cerebral cortex; lies hidden from view in the lateral fissure

Ion: electrically charges atom or group of atoms

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP): Temporary hyperpolarization that makes the inside of the membrane even more negative than at the resting potential

Lateral Ventricles: Pair of structures (first and second) located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum.

Ligand: a chemical that acts as a signal or regulator by binding to a receptor

Limbic System: parts of the brain involved in emotions and sense of smell; play key role in coupling sensory inputs to short and long-term memory; consist of the hippocampus, the hypothalamus, and several other structures

Lateral Foramina (Luschka foramina): Opening where cerebrospinal fluid moves out of the fourth ventricle and into the cisterna magna

Medial Aperture (Foramen of Magendie): Opening where cerebrospinal fluid moves out of the fourth ventricleand into the cisterna magna

Medulla: Latin for ‘marrow’ the inner portion of an organ in contrast to the outer portion or cortex

Microglia: type of small neuroglial cell of nerve tissue that serves an immune system function by becoming an active phagocyte when stimulated

Midbrain: region of the brainstem between the pons and the diencephalon

Motor Division: The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary muscle movement

Multipolar Neuron: A neuron with multiple dendrites and a single axon

Myelin: A fatty substance that insulates axons, increasing the speed of nerve impulse conduction

Myelin Sheath: The insulating layer of myelin that surrounds axons

Neuroglia: Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that provide support and protection for neurons

Neuron: A nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses

Neurotransmitter: A chemical messenger released by neurons to communicate with other cells

Nissl Body: A cluster of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of neurons, involved in protein synthesis

Oligodendrocyte: A type of glial cell that produces myelin in the central nervous system

Parasympathetic Division: Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and digest activities, such as slowing heart rate, increasing digestion and promoting relaxation

Parietal Lobe: A lobe of the cerebral cortex involved in sensory perception, spatial awareness, and navigation

Passive Transport: The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the expenditure of energy

Pia Mater: The innermost layer of the meninges, a delicate membrane that adheres closely to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

Pineal Gland: A small endocrine gland located in the brain that produces melatonin, a hormone involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles

Pituitary Gland: An endocrine gland located at the base of the brain that produces various hormones that regulate many bodily functions

PNS: Peripheral Nervous System, consisting of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Polarized: The state of a cell membrane when there is a difference in electrical charge across it

Pons: A part of the brainstem involved in sleep, respiration, and sensory motor functions

Potassium: A mineral essential for nerve and muscle function

Pre-Motor Cortex: An area of the frontal lobe responsible for initiating voluntary movements

Primary Auditory Cortex: The region of the temporal lobe responsible for processing auditory information

Primary Motor Cortex: The region of the frontal lobe responsible for initiating voluntary movements

Projections Fibres: Nerve fibers that connect the cerebral cortex with other parts of the brain and spinal cord

Putamen: A part of the basal ganglia involved in motor control and learning

Relative Refractory Period: The period following the absolute refractory period during which a neuron can generate an action potential, but only if the stimulus is stronger than usual

Repolarization: The return of the membrane potential to its resting state after an action potential

Resting Membrane Potential: The electrical potential difference across a cell membrane when the cell is at rest

Reticular Activating System: A network of neurons in the brain stem that regulated arousal and consciousness

Saltatory Conduction: The rapid conduction of action potentials along myelinated axons, jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next

Satellite Cell: A type of glial cell that surrounds and supports neuron cell bodies in ganglia

Schwann Cell: A type of glial cell that produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system

Sensory Division: aka afferent division, part of the peripheral nervous system. Responsible for carrying sensory information from the body to the central nervous system

Sodium: important positive mineral ion in the fluid surrounding cells

Sodium / Potassium Pump: active transport pump that operates in the plasma membrane of all human cells; transports both sodium ions and potassium ions nut in opposite directions and in a 3:2 ratio, thereby maintaining a gradient across the plasma membrane

Somatic Division: division of the nervous system made up of afferent pathways from somatic sensory receptors

Spatial Summation: ability of the postsynaptic neuron to add together the inhibitory and stimulatory input received from numerous different presynaptic neurons ad produce an action potential based on that collation of information

Subarachnoid Space: within the meninges, space under the arachnoid and outside the pia mater

Subdural Space: found within the meninges; the potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

Substantia Nigra: midbrain structure that consists of clusters of cell bodies of neurons involved in muscular control

Sulcus: furrow or groove often associated with the cerebral cortex

Sup. Cerebellar Peduncles: internal white matter of the cerebellum composed principally of tracts from dentate nuclei in the cerebellum through the red nucleus of the midbrain to the thalamus:

Superior Colliculi: superior region of the corpora quadrigemina

Sympathetic Division: part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; functions fight or flight response

Synapse: membrane to membrane junction between a neuron and another neuron, effector cell or sensory cell; functions to propagate nerve impulses; two types electrical and chemical

Synaptic Vesicle: small spherical structure within the presynaptic terminal of a neuron that stores neurotransmitters.

Temporal Lobe: a major subdivision of the cerebral cortex on the lateral aspect

Temporal Summation: when synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession and the effects add up over time to produce an action potential

Thalamus: mass of gray matter located in diencephalon just above the hypothalamus; helps produce sensations, associates sensations with emotions and plays a part in the arousal mechanism

Threshold Stimulus: minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract

Unipolar Neuron: structural category of neurons made up of cells that appear to have only one extension from the cell body

Central Nerve Root: the initial segment of a nerve as it emerges from the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord.

Ventricle: a cavity, such as the large, fluid-filled spaces within the brain or the chambers of the heart

Vermis: central section of the cerebellum

Vital Centre: A group of neurons located in the medulla oblongata that control essential life functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

Voltage Gated: type of cell-membrane channel for the transport of molecules that is controlled by a gate that responds to a change in voltage

Wernicke’s Area: region of the brain that is crucial for language comprehension, spoken and written language.

White Matter: nerves covered with white myelin sheath

Organization of Nervous System:

Function of Nervous system, along with endocrine system, is to communication.

Nervous systems is made up of brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Central Nervous System (CNS):

• Structural and functional centre of the entire nervous system

• Consists of the brain and spinal cord

• Integrates sensory information, evaluates, initiates outgoing response

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

• Nerves that lie in the outer regions of the nervous system

• Cranial nerves (originate from the brain)

• Spinal nerves (originate from the spine)

Neuroglial Cells:

• 2 main types of cels compose the nervous tissue, namely neurons and glia. 1:1 ratio of neurons and glia throughout the nervous system.

Neurons – excitable cells that conduct the impulses that make possible all nervous system functions. ‘wiring’ of the nervous systems information circuits. Lose their ability to divide throughout adulthood.

Glia or neuroglia – do not conduct information themselves but support the function of neurons in various ways. Maintain their ability to divide throughout adulthood.

• Major Type of Glia:

1. Astrocytes

Structure: Star shaped neuroglial cell in the CNS (central body with many radiating processes). Function: Promote nervous tissue development; provide nutrients to neurons, restore ion balance; help form and regulate synapses; part of blood brain barrier.

2. Microglia

Structure: very small and stationary but can enlarge and move when stimulated, CNS.

Function: Engulf microbes and debris; prune neural circuits (phagocyte)

3. Ependymal:

Structure: Form sheets with microvilli and motile cilia. CNS.

Function: Line fluid-filled spaces of brain and spinal cord; assist in production of propel the fluid

4. Oligodendrocytes:

Structure: Central body with processes that wrap around neuron processes, CNS.

Function: Form insulating myelin sheath around CNS nerve fibers, which promotes rapid conduction along neurons

5. Schwann cells:

Structure: Entire cell wraps around neuron processes; outer portion called neurilemma, PNS.

Function: Form insulating myelin sheath around PNS nerve fibers, which promotes rapid conduction along neurons; promotes rapid conduction along neurons; promotes regeneration of damaged nerve fibers

Anatomy/Function of a Neuron:

Know the anatomy of a neuron and what the different parts do.

• All neurons consist of cell body (perikaryon or soma) and processes: typically, 1 axon, and 1 of more dendrites.

• Dendrites and axons are thread like extensions from a neurons body often called nerve fibers.

Neuron Cell Body (Soma / Perikaryon): largest part of a nerve cell, resembles other cells with nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus).

Nissl Body: A cluster of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of neurons, involved in protein synthesis. Proteins made are put into vesicles by the golgi apparatus, these vesicles are needed for transmission of nerve signlals from one neuron to another these proteins are called (neurotransmitters), other proteins are used for maintenance and repair of neurons.

Dendrite:

Structure: branching or tree like nerve cell process, some dendrites have knoblike spines which serve as connection points for other neurons.

Function: receive stimuli and conduct electrical signals toward the cell body and axon of the neuron.

Axon:

Structure: single process extending from tapered portion of the cell body (axon hillock).Vary in length and diameter. Neuron only has one axon but the axon has side branches called axon collaterals. The distal tips of the axon form branches called telodendrion, each telodendrion ends with a synaptic knob

Function: Conduct impulses away from the cell body. Axons larger in diameter have quicker conduction. Also, if the axon is myelinated will affect the speed of conduction.

Classes of Neurons:

Know the different classes of neuron and where they would be found (eg. Multipolar, bipolar etc.)

Structural classification of neurons: Classified according to the number of extensions from the cell body.

Unipolar (pseudounipolar) Neuron: structural category of neurons made up of cells that appear to have only one extension from the cell body

Multipolar Neuron: A neuron with multiple dendrites and a single axon

Bipolar Neuron: neuron with only one dendrite and only one axon

Functional Classification:  Classified according to the direction in which they conduct impulses are as followed:

Afferent (Sensory) Neurons: transmit impulses to the spinal cord or brain

Efferent (motor) Neurons: Transmit impulses away from the brain or spinal cord to or toward muscles or glands.

Interneurons: conduct impulses between neurons, only in the CNS.

Neurotransmitter:

Definition:  A chemical messenger released by neurons to communicate with other cells. More then 50 compounds are known to be neurotransmitters.

Gated Ion Channel Types:

Permeability characteristics of a cells plasma membrane are determined in part by the presence of specific membrane transport channels. Some ions channels are always open (leak channels), some are gated channels, allowing specific molecules to diffuse across the membrane only when the gate is open.

Gated Ion Channel: channel in the plasma membrane that can be opened and close to alter membrane permeability

Stimulus-gated (ligand-gated) channel: ion channels that open in response to chemicals produced by a sensory stimulus or by a chemical stimulus received from another neuron. Many of these channels are located in the dendrites and soma.

Ligand: a chemical that acts as a signal or regulator by binding to a receptor

Voltage-gated channel: type of cell-membrane channel for the transport of molecules that is controlled by a gate that responds to a change in voltage, usually reaching -50mV to -60mV

Graded Potentials Vs. Action Potentials:

Potential: Difference in electrical charge because it is a type of stored energy (potential energy). Potential difference measured in volts(V) or millivolts(mV)

Membrane Potential: difference of electrical charge across plasma membranes. All cells maintain a difference in concentration of ions across their membranes. This difference is a slight excess of positive ions on the outside and a slight excess of negative ions on the inside.

Polarized: Membrane that exhibits membrane potential is said to be polarized.

Negative Pole: side with excess negative ions

Positive Pole: side with excess positive ions

Depolarization: Movement of the membrane potential toward zero. Excess positive ions outside the plasma membrane decreases, the magnitude of the membrane potential is reduced.

Hyperpolarization: Movement of the membrane potential away from zero (the usual RMP). The excess positive ions outside the plasma membranes increase, increasing the magnitude of the membrane potential.

Repolarization: Process when the action potential is reached the membrane potential begins to move back toward the RMP (-70 mV).

Graded Potential: local potentials that vary according to strength of the stimulus and distance of membrane from source

Action Potential (nerve impulse): membrane potential fluctuation of an actively conducting axon; electrical fluctuation that travels along the surface of a neuron’s plasma membrane. All or nothing response, an increase in stimuli only changes the frequency of impulses.

All-or-Nothing: principle that a process, once it begins, will occur at its maximums or not at all.

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP): The membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting plasma membrane. The electrical potential difference across a cell membrane when the cell is at rest.

Local Potentials: slight shift from RMP in a specific region of the plasma membrane. These are called graded potentials because the magnitude of deviation from the RMP is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus. Can be large or small – are NO T all or none events.

Threshold Potential: magnitude of voltage across a membrane at which an action potential or nerve impulse is produced.

Decremental:

Events That Create An Action Potential:

1. A stimulus triggers stimulus-gated Na+ channels to open and allow inward Na+ diffusion. This causes the membrane to depolarize.

2. As the threshold potential is reached, voltage-gated Na+ channels open.

3. As more Na+ enters the cell through voltage-gated Na+ channels, the membrane depolarizes even further.

4. The magnitude of the action potential peaks (at +30 mV) when voltage-gated Na+ channels close.

5. Repolarization begins when voltage-gates K+ channels open, allowing outward diffusion of K+.

6. After a brief period of hyperpolarization, the RMP is restored by the sodium-potassium pump and the return of ion channels to their resting state.

Refractory Period Vs. Relative Refractory Period:

Refractory Period: brief period during which a local area of an axon’s membrane resists restimulation.

Absolute Refractory Period: 0.5 – 1ms after the membrane surpasses the threshold potential it will not respond to any stimulus not matter how strong.

Relative Refractory Period: a few ms after the absolute refractory period – the time during which the membrane is repolarizing and restoring the RMP. During this period the membrane will only respond to very strong stimuli

EPSP vs. IPSP:

Postsynaptic Potential: local potential created when ion channels open in the postsynaptic membrane.

Presynaptic Membrane: specialized membrane of a neuron that’s involved in chemical singling at the synapse.

Postsynaptic Membrane: specialized region of the cell membrane that receives signals from the presynaptic cell and coverts them into an intracellular response.

Presynaptic neuron: neuron – neuron communication the neuron that transmits the signal to an adjacent neuron via release of neurotransmitters that cross the synapse and bind to the post-synaptic neuron.

Excitatory Postsynaptic potentials (EPSP): temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane after stimulation. Created when excitatory neurotransmitters cause both Na+ channels and K+ channels to open. Na+ rushes inward faster than K+ rushes outward which creates the temp. depolarization.

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP): Temporary hyperpolarization that makes the inside of the membrane even more negative than at the resting potential. Created when Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause Channels and or Cl- channels to open. If K+ channels open, K+ rushes outward; If Cl- channels open, Cl- rushes inward. Either event makes the inside of the membrane even more negative than at RMP, causing temp. hyperpolarization.

Myelin:

Myelin: A fatty substance that insulates axons, increasing the speed of nerve impulse conduction

Myelin Sheath: The insulating layer of myelin that surrounds axons

Nodes of Ranvier: gaps in the sheath between adjacent Schwann cells. Tiny gaps are important in the rapid conduction of impulses along the nerve fibers PNS.

Schwann cell (neurolemmocytes) wraps around the nerve fiber (axon) forming an inner core of many layers of plasma membrane made up of myelin. The perimeter of the Schwann cell contains the nucleus and cytoplasm, this is called the neurilemma.

Nerve fibers covered with myelin sheaths are also called myelinated fibers.

Satellite Cell: A type of glial cell that surrounds and supports neuron cell bodies in ganglia

Summation: Mechanism for making decisions about what information should continue onward in the neural network.

Spatial summation: sum of the local potential reaches the threshold potential, voltage-gated channels in the axon membrane open, producing an Types of Summation:action potential.

Temporal summation: synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession, their effects add up over a brief period of time to produce an action potential.

Summation of Excitatory and Inhibitory Signals: Summation of local potentials will stimulate an action potential only if there is sufficient depolarization to surpass the threshold potential.

CFS:

Cerebrospinal fluid: plasma like fluid that provides protective cushion around the organs and within them. Also a reservoir of circulating fluid that along with blood, the brain monitors for changes in the internal environment. For example, changes in carbon dioxide content of the CSF triggers a homeostatic response in the respiratory control center of the brainstem that regulates the overall CO2 content and PH of the body.

Formation: separation of fluid from blood in the choroid plexus. Choroid plexuses are networks of capillaries that project from the pia meter into the lateral ventricles. Each choroid plexus is covered with a sheet of special ependymal cell that releases the CSF into the ventricles.

Fluid Spaces: CSF is found in the subarachnoid spaces around the brain and spinal cord within the cavities and canals of the brain and spinal cord. 4 large fluid filled spaces within the brain are called ventricles.

Lateral Ventricles: Pair of structures (first and second) located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum.

3^rd Ventricle: Thin, vertical pocket of fluid inferior and medial to the lateral ventricles.

4^th Ventricle: Tiny, diamond-shaped space where the cerebellum attaches to the back of the brainstem (as light expansion of the central canal extending up from the spinal cord)

Basal Nuclei:

Basal Nuclei: islands of gray matter deep inside the white matter of each hemisphere. Plays important role in regulating voluntary motor functions. Example: most muscle contractions involved in maintaining posture, walking and performing other gross or repetitive movements seen to be initiated or modulated in the basal nuclei. May have a role in thinking and learning.

Caudate Nucleus: One of the basal nuclei, gray matter areas of the inner region of the cerebrum of the brain, curing tail shape.

Amygdaloid Nucleus: One of the basal nuclei, gray matter areas of the inner region of the cerebrum of the brain – almost shaped structure at the tip of the caudate nucleus.

Lentiform Nucleus: One of the basal nuclei, gray matter areas of the inner region of the cerebrum, consist of two structures the putamen, and the pallidum, lens like shape.

Anatomy of Brain Structures:

Regions of Brain:

Cerebellum: part of the human brain; plays an essential role in the production of typical movements – contains arbor vitae, sulci, gyri, vermis, white matter (see definitions)

Diencephalon: ‘between’ brain; parts of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mesencephalon or midbrain. Contains thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal glad (see definitions)

Cerebrum: largest and uppermost part of the human brain that controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, and voluntary movements

Form Brainstem: 

Medulla Oblongata: Latin for ‘marrow’ the inner portion of an organ in contrast to the outer portion or cortex

Pons: A part of the brainstem involved in sleep, respiration, and sensory motor functions

Midbrain: region of the brainstem between the pons and the diencephalon

Functional Areas of Brain:

Fissures & Sulci:

Central Sulcus: Groove between frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum

Longitudinal Fissures: Deepest groove in the cerebrum; divides the cerebrum into two hemispheres

Lateral Fissure: deep groove between the temporal love below and the frontal and parietal lobes above; the insula lies deep in the lateral fissure

Parietooccipital sulcus: groove that separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe

Function & Structures of Brain Areas:

Brain Regions & Lobes: **No word bank

Action Potential Diagram: