Unit 6 Study Guide: Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution

Renaissance: Rebirth of learning and culture in Europe.
Patron: Financial supporter of the arts.
Humanism: Focus on individual achievements and human potential.
Printing Press: Increased book production and made knowledge widely accessible.
Vernacular: Common/native language used in literature.
Perspective: Artistic technique creating depth on a flat surface.
Shift in art from religious to more realistic depictions, showing human emotion and everyday life.
Popes and patrons funded grand art projects, enhancing Rome's status as a cultural capital.
Painters integrated scientific concepts to improve realism in art.
Economic shift from feudalism to a trade-driven, money-based economy.
Location of Renaissance Start: Florence, Italy.

Transitioned from a medieval city-state to a wealth center and cultural capital, later became a tourist city.
Impact of the Printing Press: Led to mass communication and production of books, spreading knowledge.
Relationship between Christianity and Humanism was complex, emphasizing human dignity as a divine gift.
Michelangelo's work exemplified Renaissance values: realism, beauty, and human capability.

Protestant Reformation: Major theological movement in 16th-century Western Christianity.
Indulgences: Payments for salvation.
Simony: Selling of church offices.
95 Theses: Martin Luther's list of church concerns.
Priesthood of All Believers: Belief that all Christians can intercede with God.
Predestination: Belief that God has predetermined salvation.
Act of Supremacy: Established the king of England as head of the Church.
Pre-Reformation majority were Roman Catholics.
The printing press facilitated the spread of Reformation ideas and allowed independent Bible reading.
Weakened Catholic Church power and increased individual belief freedom.
Martin Luther: Monastic critic of the church, whose ideas spread through printed materials.

Scientific Method: Systematic process for investigating through observation and experimentation.
Heliocentric Theory: Sun-centered universe.
Geocentric Theory: Earth-centered universe.
Revolutionized understanding of the world through science rather than tradition.
Influenced by the Renaissance, new technologies, and exploration.
Promoted logical thinking, which conflicted with traditional Church beliefs.
Galileo's support of heliocentrism contradicted Church teachings.
Steps of the scientific method: question, hypothesis, experiment, observation, conclusion.
Overall Impact: Encouraged learning, questioning authority, and shaped modern science, religion, and society.