Covalent Bonding

A covalent bond is a shared pair(s) of electrons.

Covalent bonds within molecules are strong, but they have weak intermolecular forces ( between molecules )

The formula for ionic compounds shows the ratio of elements in the compound. For example, NaCl tells us there is 1 sodium ion for every chloride ion.

The molecular formulae ( formula for covalent ) for simple molecular substances also shows the ratio, but it is the ratio of atoms within a single molecule. For example, NH3 tells us within an ammonia molecule there are 4 atoms; 1 nitrogen and 3 hydrogen.

Different models and their advantages/ limitations

Will come back to if have time, common sense